History of English literature- Enlightenment ;( ;( – Flashcards
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18th century
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period of stability and growth
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movement that put reason on religion
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The Enlightenment
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have courage to use your own understanding
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the motto of Enlightenment
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promotion of science- gravitional law, rational knowledge would believe to develop living conditions
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Isac Newton
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1760-1840s—The Industrial Revolution - shift from agrarian and handicraft to industrial and mechanical production economy. -steam engine, -London as a capital, - modern metropoly, rebuilt as a stone city after Great Fire of London with modern political system - new methods of coal mining (more energy) -spinning jenny and waving machine in textile production -iron (iron bridges, iron boats) - improvement of transportation (new roads and canals)
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The Industrial Revolution
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Rene Descrates and John Lock
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Major philosophers of Enligtenment
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rationalism, deduction "cogito ergo sum" (the priori), he proposed study of the world by method of DEDUCTION.
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Rene Descrates
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empiricism, he proposed the method of looking on the world and how its working by induction - "tabula rasa"
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John Lock
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(1750-80s) Voltaire, D. Diderot, J.J Rousseu- compendium of knowledge
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The encyclopedists
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"What is Enlightenment?" (1784) -means emergance from immaturity; ablity to use your own understanding
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Immanuel Kant
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1660-1700s - The Restoration Period 1700- 1740s- The Augustan Age (Pope, Swift and Defoe) 1740- end of the 18th century- The Age of Dr S. Johnson
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18th century and Restoration
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- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) -Leviathan political philosophy, SOCIAL CONTRACT- any government must be validated by people.
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politics
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- Deism - Good created world but he did not have an influence on it, he didn't interfere in peoples' lives,
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religion
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- Order and Lyotard's "Grand Narratives" (story of the idea of ordery world by rules. World was compared to the watch , everything works perfectly.
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idea of order
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- the self- a construct that people share. Universal human subject. The self knows itself.
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idea of the self
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Patriotic songs: compose in celebration Britain and life in Britain. Exspression of national pride; - Rule Britania (James Thomson, 1740) - God save the Queen/ God save the King
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sense of belonging
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clarity, simplicity, regularity, measure, order, balance, elegance, restraint. Art must be made in sophisticated way, according to decorum rules and following the ancients.
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Neoclassicism
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The Age of Dryden 1660-1700 The Augustan Age 1700-1745 (Pope, Swift, Defoe) The Age of Dr S. Johnson 1745-(1784)-1798
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Neoclassicism (periods)
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critical, analytical, appreciation of urban life
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Urban metropolian art
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general not individual, man as species,
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human concern
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didactic aim- "to teach and delight", it must pass a moral
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the character of literature
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(1699-1744) -Literature: "An Essay on Criticism" Definitions of basic concepts: wit, nature, art-craft -Philosophy: "An Essay on Man"; taming passions -Morality- "The Rape of the Lock" -City life
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Alexander Pope
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- John Bunyan "Piligrim's Progress"- lives of ordinary people
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life narratives, auto/biographies:
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J. Evelyn; S. Pepys
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Diaries
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Pope, Swift and Defoe - to laugh, teach, and introduce negative points and show the way to improve them
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Satires
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Addison and Steele- essays about behaviour, explaining life
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Essays and journalism
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-The London Gazette- send to subscribes - The Tattler- to gossip, reporting scandals - The Spectator- Steel and Addison (essays about how to live in the changing society) - The Gentelman's Magazine- for educated, periodical about culture and literature
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Newspapers and periodicals
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- social change- rise of middle class ; - the reading public , printing houses, decline of patronage, new class of readers- tautological writting -demand for middle class literature -appreciation of realism, rejection of romantic mode (like utopia) ESCAPIST LITERATURE about ordinary people -rise of individualism (authonomic dreams, fulfill their inspirations) -simple and repeated words (taughtological writting) - increase of female readers
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The Rise of Novel
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1661—Royal Society of London (for Improving Knowledge) Isaac Newton (1642-1727): composition of light; differential calculus; gravitation law Alchemy chemistry Astrology astronomy Biology, botany, natural sciences Geocentric heliocentric system
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Cultural-Intellectual Background in the Age of Reason
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Comedy of manners: about the court, elements of satire, morality ridiculed, excellent verbal wit. W. Wycherley, W. Congreve (17thc.) She Would if She Could The Country Wife Heroic tragedy—J. Dryden (17th c. ): moral choice (love vs. honour); ancient settings, rhetorical , artificial. E.g. Oedipus, A Tragedy (Sophocles); All for Love (Sh's Antony and Cleopatra) Opera—John Gay Beggar's Opera (1728)
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Restoration and 18th c. Drama
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the novel "Oroonoko", 1688
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Aphra Behn
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-Moll Flanders, 1722; Roxana 1724 -female virtue, stories about young women that are alone in the society
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D. Defoe (social novels)
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-Robinson Crusoe, 1719 (adventure n.) Defoe is like Robinson, he chooses the manual work as a sailer not a doctor, he travelled to Africa as a slaves, he works to reproduce civilization . This is a myth of western culture.
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D. Defoe (adventure novel)
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desert island story; isolation; adventure; encounter with natives
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Robinsonade
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1704-9, Chile
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Alexander Silkirk
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Swiss Family Robinson (1812);
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Wyss
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Treasure Island; Ballantyne, The Coral Island (1858);
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Stephenson
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Gulliver's Travels, 1726 (satire, romance, utopia) The satire of England not a novel
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J. Swift
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a parody of Robinson Crusoe, quick career, Gulliver is a doctor, satire, romance, utopia
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Gulliver's Travels
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Pamela, 1740-42; Clarissa, 1747-1748 (epistolary novel; social novel; novel of sensibility) Pamela is a Ciderella story, full of succees, Richardson offered a unified view of people. His novels are gripping, moving and sad ones.
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S. Richardson
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Joseph Andrews, 1742; The History of Tom Jones, 1749 (epic, panoramic, social/sociological, picaresque novel) Fielding in The History of Tom Jones uses the life stories to show relations in the 18th c fashion, food, entertainment etc. The novel is an interpretation of the 18th c. Polish- Pan Wołodyjowski.
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H. Fielding
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Tristram Shandy (9 vol, 1759-67)- a story about a sensitive men, who want to write autobiographies, but he doesn't know in which moment start. He introduces people from his family. He claims that everything is subjective: beauty, love, feelings, perception. One Chapter of the novel is entire about love. A Sentimental Journey (1768)
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Laurence Sterne
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Roland Barthes, S/Z Readerly vs writerly texts Classic, linear, traditional texts. Readerly texts, are manifestations of The Book. They do not locate the reader as a site of the production of meaning, but only as the receiver of a fixed, pre-determined, reading. They are thus products rather than productions. Reader controls and takes an active role in the construction of meaning. Meanings are proliferated; multiplicity of cultural and other ideological indicators (codes) for reader to uncover; reader „co-produces" text. Reader produces meanings which are other than final or "authorized."
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texts
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(1745-1784/1789-1798) Journalism for the Gentleman's Magazine; The New English Dictionary (now the Oxford English Dictionary); a new edition of Sh. (notes, commentary, standardized text) Departures from the principles of the Enlightenment: Sentimetalism, Medievalism, Sensationalism. The new sensibility!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! the emotional themes in literature!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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The Age of Dr Samuel Johnson
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- O. Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield, (1766)
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sentimental novel (new sensibility)
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-R. Blair "The Grave", -T. Gray "An Elegy written in a Country Churchyard"; -E. Young, "Night Thoughts"
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The Graveyard School of Poetry (new sensibility)
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- J. Thomson, The Seasons, 1730 - W. Collins, Odes - W. Cowper, The task, - G. Crabbe, The Village, - O. Goldsmith, The Deserted Village
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Nature poetry (new sensibility)
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Growth of London (end of 17th c.-- 900 000) Defoe: England as the most flourishing country Johnson: „When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." Inns, coffee houses, taverns, theatres, clubs, book and print shops, pleasure gardens 1689—London Stock Exchange 1693—Bank of England Tories (Royalists) and Whigs (Parliamentarists) Growth of colonies
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The Age of Dr Samuel Johnson(1)
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-combination of horror and romance, - themes of decay, collapse, death, mystery, madness, secrets - rejection of neoclassical clarity - setting: haunted houses, chapels, castles, - stock characters: tyrans, villians, maniacs, vampires, werewolves, Byronic heros -vision of corrupted, deformed world - evil instincts of human - sensetional manner of romantic stories
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The gothic novel
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-H. Walpole "The castle of Otranto" (1764) - A. Radcliffe, The mysteries of Udolpho, 1794, The Italian, 1797 - C. Reeve, The Old English Baron, 1777 - M.G. Levis, The Monk, 1796
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The gothic novels:
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he posed that his novel was a real medieval manuscript and that he found it and transleted
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H. Walpole
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- J Macpherson "Songs of Ossians" (1765)- contains two trends medieval interest with sentiment, claimed that he found old manuscripts from 4th century - T. Chatterton "Rowley Poems" (1777)- he produced beautiful medieval stylicism, he committed suicide at the age of 17 after turned down by critics, now he is greatly appreciated
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Medieval stylizations in poetry
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Ossian was as talented as Greek Homer and also blind. Poems presents early history of Scotland. The song were translations of old Gaelic Language
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"Songs of Ossians"
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(Frankenstein) monster in the centre, against natural laws Frankenstein desires to share his life with oridanary people, story told by series of exciting events ( bodies sewn together and brought back to live)
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The gothic tale
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the maker wants to bring dead people. By being god-like, the maker represents rotten, fallen world.
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Frankenstein
