History of Civ since 1650 BJU online: Unit 1 Absolutism to the Ancien regime – Flashcards
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Glorious Revolution (date)
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1688
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Toleration Act (date)
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1689
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Charles II ascended the throne of England after Cromwell's execution (date)
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1661
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revocation of the edict of nantes (date)
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1685
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Peace of Ryswick (date)
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1697
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Peace of Utrecht (date)
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1713
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Great Northern War (date)
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1700-1721
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Galileo's trial (date)
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1633
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witch hunts in Europe (date)
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1400-1700
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Hobbes and Bossaway supported
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absolutism (who supported it)
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Bishop Bossuet was
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catholic priest, frenchman, religious justification for absolutism; wrote "Politics drawn from scriptures", claimed that royal birthright was the only right kind of king; "royal power is absolute...The prince need render account of his acts to no one."
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Hobbes was
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english, not exactly an atheist, secular justification for absolutism; wrote "Leviathan" at the height of the puritan power, man's power solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
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Hobbes taught
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in the house of Louis XIV
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"Leviathan" ideas
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the ruler is working for the benefit of the whole of the people
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The stewart family overthrown by
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English Revolutionaries overthrew
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James I of England raised money before being regulated by Parliament by
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levying new trade impositions
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Puritans believed
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the anglican church had not reformed enough; they made a petition to get rid of vestments, decorations, priests, etc, but were denied because the king didn't think they would stop there
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Seperatists
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people who wanted to sever their ties with the church of england, eventually pilgrims
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James I did
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made peace with spain, granted payment for an authorized version of the bible in english, which was named after him
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Charles I was
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absolutist, tried to go without Parliament, signed the petition of right, then dissolved parliament, but was forced to go to parliament when he got involved with Scotland
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Petition of right
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no tax money without parliamentary consent, no martial law in peacetime, and reaffirmed habeus corpus
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brought about Charles I's defeat
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Archbishop Laud of Canterbury attempted to enforce anglican conformity in Scotland when it was Presbyterian, causing Charles to call on Parliament for war
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The Long Parliament lasted
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20 years (1640-1660)
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Cromwell was
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the lord protector after the beheading of Charles I and the English civil war
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The Cavaliers and Roundheads were groups during
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the English Civil War (sides)
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The Cavaliers were
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Royalists during the English Civil War
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The Roundheads were
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Parliamentarians during the English Civil War
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Charles I was executed in
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1649
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Cromwell dies in
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1658
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The first of the Restored Stuarts after the English Civil War
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Charles II
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How long did the Protectorate last
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the form of government that lasted only 5 years
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The Clarendon Code
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issued by parliament to keep the anglican church supreme and expel all non-anglicans from the government positions
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The purpose of the treaty of dover
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Charles II got aid through his cousin Louis XIV and agreeing not to fight
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the rise of the Whigs and Tories happened during
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Charles II's reign (uprising)
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Whigs
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supported Charles II
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Tories
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against Charles II
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who was James II
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Charles II's brother; had two daughters Ann and Mary; converted to Catholicism; and had a son from his second wife
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Ann, daughter of James II, married
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married the Prince of Denmark
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Mary, daughter of James II, married
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married William, prince of Orange
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The Glorious Revolution (what happened)
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Parliament made a move to get rid of James II, and invited William III of Orange and Mary II (James II's daughter) to the throne
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why was the Glorious Revolution glorious
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there was little bloodshed
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Bill of Rights (england, date)
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1689 (not toleration act)
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what did the toleration act do
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tolerated protestant dissenters
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Act of Settlement (date)
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1701
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what did the act of settlement do
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the monarch could only be protestant
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John Locke wrote
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"Of Civil Government", First and Second Treatise of Government, Letter concerning Toleration, and Essay concerning Human Understanding
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what did the act of union do
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joined the british isles into greater britan
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The Jacobites rose
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between Ann and Hanoverians and 2nd hanoverian
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what is Hanover
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a province in germany
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How did the office of prime minister form
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the government became more separated from the royal household and a cabinet government ensued
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the purpose of a prime minister
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executive duties
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the first prime minister of england
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Walpole
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Why was absolutism limited in the netherlands
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they weren't tightly united
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Who did the people of netherland turn to in a crisis
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William of Orange
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Leopold I stopped
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stopped the Ottoman advance in Vienna
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Charles VI issued it trying to protect his daughter Maria Theresa from the surrounding country
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Joseph II
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Maria Theresa's son
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the austrian habsburgs controlled
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bohemia, hungary, croatia, and transylvania; they eventually took over the turks
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Frederick William, the Great Elector
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the first of the Hohenzallern dynasty; religiously tolerant, and subdued the Junkers (young men outside of prussia)
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Frederick I (son of Frederick William)
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the first King in Prussia, granted for helping Leopole I Habsburg fight the turks; built up his army; "Salvation is of the Lord; everything else is my business"
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Frederick II (the Great, son of Frederick I)
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claimed Silesia and started the war of austrian succession, disregarding the Pragmatic Sanction; wanted agriculture and education to strengthen his country, loved music and france, loved Voltaire and had him visit; able to expand prussian holdings
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Ivan III
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threw off the mongol rule and established independent russia
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Ivan IV the Terrible
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revised the law code, and waas the first to use the title Tzar; unstable ruler, violent man
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The Romanov dynasty brought what to Russia
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dynasty that brought peace and stability to russia
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Peter Romanov the Great
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expanding absolutist monarch, westernized Russia; had Beard laws, stopped Swedish advance in the Great Northern War, and took Baltic territory; established St. Petersburg as the new capital
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Poland
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had not central authority or concrete borders, and was taken apart; they had the type of government that if one body objects, it negates everything done in the parliament
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How we investigate the world around us
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through our reason, senses, experience, emotions, intuition, and faith
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Scientific Revolution
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the questioning of inadequate authorities of the past through superstition and challenging church authority
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the Scientific Method
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credited to Bacon; ordered questioning or investigation
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caused the Scientific Revolution
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explosion of knowledge and renaissance curiosity; emphasis on human reasoning and desire to reveal truth about the world around us; assumptions include that the senses and mind can make something of the universe, and that the method of science applies to all inquiry, and that humans are improvable
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Renee Descartes
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Mathematician, relied on deductive reasoning; wrote "Discourse on Method'
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Deductive Reasoning
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general to specific (>), drawing conclusions from a premice
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Francis Bacon
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inductive reasoning, the scientific method depends on inductive reasoning
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Inductive Reasoning
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specific to general (<), developing a theory from specific instances
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Nervo Morganum
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to discover the world and universe
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Copernicus
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polish astronomer, mathematician, heliocentric theory using mathematics
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Brahe
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attempted to find middle ground between heliocentric and geocentric using
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Kepler
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realized Brahe was wrong, and that orbits were elliptical, worked from Brahe's observations
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Galileo
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developed a telescope, confirmed and taught heliocentric, studied physics, got in trouble with the papacy for teaching heliocentric (tried in 1630)
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Kepler, Galileo, and Issac Newton
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lead to a new understanding of the universe
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Newton
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the math describing heliocentric wasn't satisfactory, and invented calculus, the law of gravity, and the reflecting telescope; thought that all nature is governed by laws, including outer space; experimented with light
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John Locke
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writings about toleration and human understanding, influenced many different groups of people, royal societies, academies, and botanical garden; argued about the nature of government and what it was supposed to do and where it derived and how it should be changed.
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First Treatise of Government
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consent from the governed, response to Bossuei
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Second Treatise of Government
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state of nature is condition, government supposed to mediate not dominate; if government wasn't supported of the people, the people had to replace it
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Letter Concerning Toleration
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governments should promote toleration, supposed to protect property, not supposed to dictate religion
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Essay concerning Human Understanding
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how people learn, through experience, empiricism, empirical learning; argued that at birth, the brain is a blank slate (tabula rasa)
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Colbert
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French academy of science, he was a financial minister of Louis XIV
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The people in academies were usually
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the class aristocrats
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Sir Issac Newton was a member of
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member of the Academy in England
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the purpose for botanical gardens
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collecting samples and crossbreeding
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Queen Christina of Sweden
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patroness of arts and science, entertained Descartes
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Women of science were usually
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of the upper crust and had a male tutor
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Margaret Cavendish
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a duchess who had time and money for education, study, tutors, and experimentation
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Les Pascal
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a french Mathematician opposing skepticism or dogmatism; Macrouniverse and Microuniverse, worth of man
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Conflict between science and tradition
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witchcraft and witch hunters
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the targets of witch hunters
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mostly women, especially those who did not have any family, and knew about the natural world, especially midwives, healers, and herbalists
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Baroque means
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overblown and dramatic, grandness and drama to art, active and heroic actions; label given by artists in the neo-classical period
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The Ancien Regime means
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the former order; before the French Revolution
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The 3 broad social classes of the Ancien Regime
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aristocracy, urban dwellers, and peasant farmers
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growing working class
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the urban dwellers and waged labor
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members of established churches were close to
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the state and aristocracy
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aristocracy is
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1-5% population, wealth from the land, rented to farmers, and through agricultural production, interested in economic growth and innovation to increase profits
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how were the serfs' status being endangered
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loss of traditional privileges through the manor system, the landowners were gaining power over the land and displacing peasants, and eventually were pushed into urban areas and into the wage-earning class; they were also subject to taxes, but couldn't pay money
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corvee
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a labor requirement for a certain amount of time for the government
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Why were there peasant rebellions
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they were losing their traditional rights and conditions
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Pugachev's Rebellion
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in russia, violent and bloody rebellion against the central state authority; Catherine II executed him brutally
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rural english riots
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protest of machinery, loss of pastureland
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Families
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the basic unit of production and consumption
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Why was living alone suspicious
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it was hard to live alone and sustain oneself
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Variables of families
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age of marriage, size of households, number of generations, extended and nuclear family
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how were women vulnerable in families
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they could die during childbirth
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Children without a childhood instead of playing did
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worked at factories and helped their families with planting, weeding, and harvesting
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What caused combined complex families with stepkids
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the high mortality rate caused
