history midterm chapter 23 – Flashcards
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What is the definition of nationalism
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nationalism: feeling of intense loyalty to one's country or group encouraged new nations to unify & establish power in the world new nations threatened older countries inspired ethnic groups to demand independent nations
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What is "militarism"
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militarism: buildup of military strength w/in a country. bc of Russia's atmosphere of militarism, Germany, & France developed huge armies Germany began to challenge Britain's naval power and a rivalry grew.
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What role did nationalism play in World War I
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Encourages new nations to unify and establish power in the world, new nations threatened older countries, ethnic groups demanded independence. Nations built bigger armies because of pride of their nation. This led to war because they wanted to show off their power.
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Who/what started World War I, Which nation(s), if any, were responsible for World War I
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Long Term Causes: Alliance System- Triple Alliance v. Triple Entente; pulls all countries into war "Background Issues"- imperialism, nationalism, the press (propaganda) Strong Political Figures Short Term Causes: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand AH declaration war serbia Russia mobilizes Germany declares war on Russia Germany declares war on France Germany invades Belgium Britain declares war on Germany AH declared war on Russia France and Britain declare war on Germany Nations: Germany because of intense violence, desire for war, invasions, and war declaring Germany bc it was trying to become hegemon Serbia because they killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand AH bc declared war on Serbia & because it was falling, it wanted a war to regain its power. Germany's blank check to A-H Germany bc it declared war on Russia (Aug 1), then on France (Russia's ally) (Aug 3) Germany bc it violated Belgium's neutrality, causing Britain (its protector) to declare war on Germany blame ultimately put on Germany @ T.O.V.
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What characterized the fighting on the Western front
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They fought in trenches, with dugouts & support trenches behind them. These trenches were around an area called no man's land. Bc of the intense death rate of getting out of the trenches, the armies often reached a stalemate. Many new technologies were developed because of trench warfare including artillery, rifles & machine guns, poison gas, Zeppelins, U-Boats, airplanes, and tanks.The battles were very bloody, long, & not much territory was gained.
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What is a "war of attrition
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" in which both sides continue to fight despite: no one can win the war both sides are getting annihilated (destroying each other) WW1 was this bc trench warfare and there was no advances and during this process many people die. When US enters the war WW1 goes away from this
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What area in Europe was known as the "Powder Keg of Europe," and why
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(hint: in notes and under "Formation of Alliances" on p. 706) The Balkans were called the "powder keg of europe" because there was so much conflict in that area over borders and other issues, that one small conflict or violent act could set the whole continent of europe into a war. This one small thing was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914
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What was the most dramatic new weapon/technology of World War I
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The airplane was the most dramatic weapon of WW1. It was this because it added a new dimension to the war. Airplanes were used to bomb people, for reconnaissance, for dog fights (sky duels). Famous pilots Eddie rickenbacker (US) Red Baron (germany)
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What German weapon changed the course of the war
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The german submarine, U-Boat, or Unterseeboots changed course of war. It sunk ships carrying supplies to Britain. The german attacks on the US ships eventually brought the US into the war.
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What were the convoys and what role did they play in the success of the Allies?
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teams of navy destroyers escorting groups of merchant ships across the Atlantic. Because of new German U-boats, the US needed protection for their ships, supplies, and men. German ships could not get to the US ships without going through the destroyers.
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What was the National War Labor Board created for
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it was to ensure the production of vital war materials created in 1918. It granted some of the workers demands (8 hr work day, overtime pay, equal pay, and the right to form unions) in exchange that the workers didn't strike.
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What new nations were formed or "carved out" of Europe after World War I
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Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Irish free state, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia, and Syria
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What problems did President Woodrow Wilson face when working to help rebuild Europe after the war, Why did Wilson face opposition to his Fourteen Points in Europe and to the Treaty in America
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Bad things: europe is in ruins generation of men are dead political and social turmoil Big 3 reject the 14 points because: blood (break up country, disarm, admit fault) treasure (reparations, territory and colonies) Communism afraid (from russia) US people don't like TOV because: harsh treatment of Germany League of nations party politics Other struggles Lodge weakens the treaty and convinces congress to vote against wilson gets ill and his support decreases
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Was the Treaty of Versailles effective in establishing peace in Europe
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Why or why not? No, because WW2, puts stress on Germany and weakens Germany but creates a revenge atmosphere, US didn't join league of nations so no one to lead the nations in the right direction, hatred grew and exploded
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Abdicate/Czar Nikolas
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king of the Russian empire, russian revolution forces czar to abdicate (step down from power)
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AEF (American Expeditionary Force)/John J. Pershing
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american army in europe, turned the tide of war, very influential in the war's win
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Alliance system
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defense agreements among nations
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Armistice
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agreement to end the fighting, wilson had on with germany at 11 AM on 11/11/1918; conditions: G troops leave Belgium and France, G must accept peace plan and no fighting, only deal with civilians, no military
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Autocracy
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gov't in which 1 person has unlimited power, Russia was this b4 revolution in March 1917 for democracy
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Balance of power
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prevents any country from dominating the others; only works if: countries all equally powerful, every country want balance of power and not domination
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Bolshevik Revolution (A/K/A Russian Communist Revolution)
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Lenin led, Treaty of Brest Litovsk, took Russia out of war, eliminating E front and reducing allied strnegth
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Committee on Public Information
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Creel, silences dissent against war, promote war as battle for democracy and freedom, propaganda
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Doughboys
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american soldiers, uniform buttons resembled dough dumplings, turned the tide of war
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Eastern Front
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between Russia and Germany, eliminated in 1917 with the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, Germany controlled this front
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Entente
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an understanding between nations
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Espionage Act
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1917, stiff penalties for spying and aiding enemy
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Ethnicity/ethnic groups
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people who share common language and traditions; demanded independent nations of their own
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Food Administration
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Hoover head: farmers make more, people eat less, rationing by price controls
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Fourteen Points [Woodrow Wilson]
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plan for creating a new world out of the ashes of the old by:adjusting boundaries for ner nations (self determination), free trade and freedom of seas, no secret treaties, arms reductions, colonial disputes resolved diplomatically, League of Nations
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Isolationism
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national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
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League of Nations
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Wilson's Plan to preserve peace and prevent future wars while still respecting national independence, in TOV and was rejected in US
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Lusitania
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MAY 7, 1915, British passenger liner destroyed by the German U-boats, killing 1000 people including 128 americans
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Militarism
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a buildup of military strength within a country, because of this, Germany began to challenge Britain's naval power and a rivalry grew.
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Mobilization
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gathering of resources to prepare for war, must mobilize troops (fight), labor (make war materials), industry (produce war materials), and attitudes
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National "self determination"
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the right of people to decide how they want to be governed, Wilson supported thin throughout the world
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Nationalism
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a feeling of intense loyalty to one's country or group
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Ottoman Empire
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Turkish Empire in the Central Powers, collapsed and surrendered at the end of the war in Oct-Nov 1918
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Pacifism/Pacifist
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people who opposed fighting or violence, opposed WW1
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Propaganda
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ideas or info designed to influence public opinion, used by Committee of Public Info to make support for war, Used by Allies and Central Powers to gain support for their causes and war
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Reparations
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payments for damage caused in war, Germany had to pay these because of TOV
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Sabotage Act
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1918, crime to write, print, or say criticism against the gov't
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Sarajevo/the Balkans ("Powder Keg of Europe")
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attack on one nation would set the whole country into a war because of Alliances, when Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914, this set the whole country into war, Europe was a "powder keg" and the assassination was the "spark" that "set it off".
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Sedition Act
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1918, crime to write, print, or say criticism against the gov't
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Selective Service Act
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created a military draft, age 21-30 registered, 1917
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Socialism/Socialists
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people who wanted industries to be publicly owned; against war because they thought it would only help the rich and hurt the working class
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Stalemate
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where neither side made any military advances, in trenches in the Western Front
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Sussex Pledge
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pledge by Germany after the sinking of the French Sussex: WARNING to neutral ships
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Trench warfare
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opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
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U boat
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German Submarine, Unterseeboot, sunk allied ships
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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declared by Germany in Jan 1917 bc they wanted to defeat the Allies before the US gets involved, no limits on what Germany could sink with their Uboats
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War Industries Board
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supervised industrial production by: overseeing changeover from factories to war goods, setting prices for key consumer products
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Western Front
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between Belgium, Germany, and France, trench warfare, almost no offensive, stalemate
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Zimmerman Telegram
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offer by german foreign minister (A. Zimmerman) that was intercepted by Britain that said: if MX joines central powers, they can have US territory when the war is over, published by papers and sentiment fueled
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Verdun
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german offensive 750, 000 dead in 10 months North East France Feb-Dec 1916
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The Somme
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allies offensive July 1916 many deaths allies only gained 7 miles
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1st Battle of the Marne ("Miracle of the Marne")
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a few miles east of paris Germans vs French September 1914 Miracle- Germans had to slow down and the French had time to get troops mobilized significance- germans halted, french morale boosted not going to be quick and easy war
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Chateau Thierry
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AEF repulse the Germans June 1918
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Belleau Wood
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break german lines June 1918 Argonne Forest: 1 million americans greatest allied offensive break german lines Nov 1918
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heroes of Argonne forest
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(medals of honor) Alvin York (infantry) Eddie Rickenbacker (air crps)
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Central Powers
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Germany Ottoman Empire Austria Hungary
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Triple Alliance
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Italy (joined allies because promised land) Germany Austria Hungary
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Allies
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Japan (enemy of Germany) US (joined later in war) Italy (promised territory) Great Britain France Russia
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Triple Entente
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Great Britain France Russia
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Brest-Litovsk
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Bolsheviks take over Russia led by Vladimir Lenin 1917 it takes russia out of the war give up lots of land to Germany enables germany to move to the western front effects: reducing allies troop strength eliminating the Eastern front
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Treaty of Versailles ("War Guilt" Clause)
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June 28, 1919 signed by allies (except US) and Germany conditions G pay reparations G disarm completely G complete blame AH and Russian empires carved up; new nations created G give up colonies and territory in europe League of Nations
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"War Guilt" Clause in TOV
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part of TOV that forced Germany to accept full responsibility for causing war source of national humiliation
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914 by Princip
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Czar Nicholas II
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leader of russian empire who gave up his throne in the first revolution in 1917
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Gavrilo Princip
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assassinated Franz Ferdinand, serbian nationalist group, in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914
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Gen. John J. Pershing
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supreme commander of AEF, also led the group that was trying to capture Villa in Mexico, insisted that the AEF was any independent force
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George Creel
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leader of the committee of Public Info, used massive propaganda to get people in favor of war
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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head of Senate Foreign Relations Committee, from MA, nitpicks and stalls on TOV and it is not passed
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Herbert Hoover
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head of Food Administration which controlled the food in the country (farmers produce more, people eat less, rationing by price controls)
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Jeannette Rankin
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of montana, first women to serve as a representative in congress
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The "Big Four"
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Woodrow Wilson: U.S., Georges Clemenceau: France, David Lloyd-George: G.B. and Vittorio Orlando: Italy
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Vladimir Lenin
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led Bolsheviks when they took over Russia, with riots pulled out of the war to start up a communist state (1917)
