History IV – Flashcards
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Environmentalist John Muir was influential in establishing which national park?
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Yosemite
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From the 1860s to the 1880s, open-range ranching was feasible on the Great Plains because of the
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availability of free land.
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Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century
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numbered about 9 percent of California's population.
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Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn, the United States
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pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered.
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The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by
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barring Chinese immigration to the United States.
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Buffalo herds almost disappeared from the American West during the 1870s for all of the reasons below except
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the complete indifference of the American public.
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Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the experience of women who settled the Great Plains after the Civil War?
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Traditional gender roles were more fluid, as many women joined their husbands in the fields and some homesteaded alone.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the Sioux?
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They migrated to the Great Plains in the mid-eighteenth century where, with the aid of horses acquired from southwestern tribes, they dominated or expelled other tribes from the region. They migrated to the Great Plains in the mid-eighteenth century where, with the aid of horses acquired from southwestern tribes, they dominated or expelled other tribes from the region.
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The first transcontinental railroad
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was completed in 1869.
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Faced with mounting pressure on their lands by whites after the Civil War, the Great Plains Indians responded by
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fighting back in the expectation that, if they exacted a high enough price, whites would tire of the struggle and leave them in peace.
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William F. Cody, the showman who promoted the idea of a "mythic West," was better known as
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Buffalo Bill.
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Which of the following was not a factor in drawing settlers to the Great Plains after the Civil War?
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A federal program to settle Union army veterans on western farms
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The agricultural technique known as dry farming
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involved deep planting to bring subsoil moisture to the roots and quick harrowing after rainfalls.
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Which of the following does not correctly describe the building of the first transcontinental railroad?
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The company that built east from California advanced more rapidly than its competitor that built west.
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The Apache warrior who resisted the U.S. government until 1886 was
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Geronimo.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the fate of the Plains Indians after Wounded Knee?
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The division of tribal lands proceeded without hindrance.
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Late nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains were much larger than eastern farms because
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dry-farming techniques required about 300 acres to support a family farm.
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The Sioux way of life was based primarily on
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hunting.
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As a result of the Dawes Act, the Indian tribes
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received 160 acres of former tribal land per family head, with smaller parcels allocated to other individuals.
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The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended after 1886 because of
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the particularly severe winter in 1885.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom?
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Its high profits attracted shrewd investors.
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The examples of the Black Hills region of South Dakota and Pike's Peak area in Colorado provide evidence that
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mining quickly became an industrial enterprise.
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The hub of the mining economy was
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San Francisco.
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Business and government responded to the Haymarket Square riot by
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imposing yellow-dog contracts.
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In 1890, the typical working woman was
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young.
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Which of the following was not provided by trade unions to their members?
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Guarantee of a job for every craftsman or laborer
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the recruitment of factory labor by American industry in the late nineteenth century?
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American industry relied on recruiting European immigrants to meet its labor needs.
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The introduction of mass production in the late nineteenth-century American economy
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increased workers' output.
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Nineteenth-century employers in California had high praise for the Chinese, but white workers hated them because
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like African Americans in other parts of the nation, the Chinese of California were stereotyped as being immoral and willing to work for low wages.
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The strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania,
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resulted from Andrew Carnegie's desire to break the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
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Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the early historical development of the Knights of Labor?
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All of the above.
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Federal, state, and local governments supported the construction of railroads in nineteenth-century America by
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issuing interest-bearing bonds.
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Which issue crystallized the dispute between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?
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The eight-hour workday
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In their efforts to improve working conditions, the Knights of Labor stressed
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cooperative factories owned and managed by workers.
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Vertically integrated corporations
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handled everything involved in the functions of an industry.
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The Knights of Labor enjoyed their largest increase in membership after they
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were successful in a strike against Jay Gould.
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The introduction of mass production in the late nineteenth-century American economy
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increased workers' output.
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In nineteenth-century America, craft workers
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enjoyed a great deal of autonomy.
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Why did the Pullman strike of 1894 fail?
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It was crushed by the combination of federal troops and court injunctions.
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Business and government responded to the Haymarket Square riot by
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imposing yellow-dog contracts.
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The Knights of Labor enjoyed their largest increase in membership after they
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were successful in a strike against Jay Gould.
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The strike at Homestead demonstrated that
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the Pennsylvania state government was an ally of the corporations.
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When the workers at the Pullman Company protested a cut in wages,
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the American Railway Union directed their strategy.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late nineteenth-century America?
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In 1900, one of every five children below age sixteen worked for wages.
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In the late nineteenth century, baseball
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served to unite city dwellers.
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Joseph Pulitzer was the
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St. Louis newspaper publisher who set off a furious circulation war with papers owned by William Randolph Hearst.
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The "Gibson girl" of the 1890s personified
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the middle-class "new woman"--spirited, athletic, and chastely sexual.
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For ordinary Americans of the late nineteenth century, the invention that probably offered the most dramatic evidence of changing urban life was the
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electric light.
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In the late nineteenth century, the American Catholic hierarchy was dominated by
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Irish Americans.
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In the late nineteenth century, George Washington Plunkitt was
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a Tammany ward boss who courted all nationalities to win their support.
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Before the 1880s, most Jews in America came from
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Germany
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The invention that sped up city communications most after 1876 in the United States was the
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telephone.
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By 1900, the primary means of urban mass transit in the United States was the
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trolley car.
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The greatest advantage of American businesses over their European competitors in the late nineteenth century was their access to
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a large internal market with no political barriers.
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The most distinctive feature of American industry in the last third of the nineteenth century was
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its emphasis on the manufacture of capital goods.
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The most important step in the development of an integrated railroad system in late nineteenth-century America was the
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adoption of a standard track gauge.
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What is the most important reason that few African American men held factory jobs in 1890?
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There were virtually no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century?
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Around 1900, about one-third of working women were employed as maids or domestic servants, one-third held "female" white-collar jobs, and one-third worked in industry.
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Compulsory segregation, other than in education, was first imposed on southern blacks
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during the late 1880s in the form of southern states' prohibitions against blacks traveling in first-class railroad passenger cars.
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Political machines provided Americans with
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institutions capable of providing services left undone by government.
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A significant outcome of the 1896 election was
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the Republicans' emergence as the majority party.
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The political group that took credit for "redeeming" the South was the
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Democratic Party.
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When late-nineteenth-century Republicans "waved the bloody shirt," they were invoking
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the Civil War.
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Between 1877 and 1893, Republicans and Democrats
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did not represent clearly opposing positions, as party differences became unclear.
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In the late nineteenth century, the Supreme Court
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limited Congress's power to regulate manufacturing.
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One of the most troublesome political issues of the 1880s was how the federal government should reduce
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its surplus revenue.
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In the late nineteenth century, those Americans most eager to see the money supply increased were
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debtors.
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A significant outcome of the 1896 election was
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the Republicans' emergence as the majority party.
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The Populist leader who exhorted farmers "to raise less corn and more hell" was
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Mary Elizabeth Lease.
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Between 1876 and 1892, Americans were
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highly partisan and politically active.
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The expression "Gilded Age" originated as the
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title of a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner that was published in 1873 and satirized America as a land of vulgar money grubbers.
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Most members of the newly rising American middle class around 1900
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preferred to live in the suburbs because of the privacy it afforded them.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes residential patterns in the typical American city around 1900?
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Immigrants from a particular region of a country tended to settle by ethnic group.
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Many middle-class Americans in the late nineteenth century
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no longer firmly linked sex and procreation and began to acknowledge that healthy sexuality should give pleasure to both men and women.
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In late-nineteenth-century America, all of the following were signs of high status except
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living close to one's place of employment.
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Most of the immigrants who arrived in American cities between 1900 and 1910 were
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southern and eastern European Jews and Catholics.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes industry in post-Civil War American cites?
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In most industries, the scale of production increased.
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Between 1877 and 1893, American politics
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celebrated the government that governed least.
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In the early twentieth century, Tom Watson and Benjamin R. Tillman
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appealed to poor whites and advanced their political careers by means of race baiting
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The notion of "separate spheres" in the late nineteenth century referred to the controversial idea and debate that
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men and women had different natures.
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The Populist Party advocated unlimited coinage of silver in the belief that it would
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raise the prices of farm products and livestock.
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Laws restricting activity on Sundays were called
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blue laws.
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In the late nineteenth century, social Darwinists, such as William Graham Sumner, believed that
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millionaires were the fittest Americans.
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The Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision
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defined the "separate but equal" principle.
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Gerrymandered voting districts ensured that
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while blacks got some offices, political control remained in white hands.
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The basic evil that Populists identified as oppressing farmers during the late nineteenth century was
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the power of money.
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Horatio Alger was
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the author of rags-to-riches novels.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Theodore Roosevelt's attitude toward the muckrakers?
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Thinking they went too far, he coined the term "muckraker" by comparing them to the man with the muckrake in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.
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As progressives, Josephine Shaw Lowell and Florence Kelley concentrated their efforts on
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female and child laborers.
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As a basis for corrective action, most progressives relied on
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rational planning and statistical studies.
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911
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caused New York State to pass the most advanced labor code in the country.
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In the 1912 presidential election,
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Wilson won because the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt, not because a majority of the public endorsed him.
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Jane Addams was one of the founders of
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Hull House.
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Before becoming president in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt had been
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governor of New York.
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In their journalistic writing, muckrakers tended to
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expose the underside of American life.
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Progressives believed that
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people could act constructively and successfully.
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In his "New Nationalism" phase after 1910, Theodore Roosevelt argued that
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the federal government, via a trade commission, should oversee large companies.
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Which of the following does not characterize the progressives of the early twentieth century?
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They usually aligned themselves with business interests and the private sector.
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In response to the trend toward mergers of businesses into large trusts, Theodore Roosevelt
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worried that the trusts were becoming too powerful and stifled competition.
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Ida M. Tarbell established her credentials as a muckraker when she wrote a scathing analysis of
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Standard Oil Company.
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Theodore Roosevelt did not become the Republican presidential nominee in 1912 because
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Taft controlled the party machinery, which, in most states, chose convention delegates; even though Roosevelt swept states that held primaries, he was passed over.
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The major leaders of the renewed struggle for civil rights in the first decade of the twentieth century were
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William Monroe Trotter and W. E. B. Du Bois.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Woodrow Wilson's political ideas?
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He did not want collectivism to overwhelm individual liberties.
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Protestant churches that espoused the Social Gospel
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taught that Christians must fight for the "social aims of Jesus" by relieving the misery and despair of the masses.
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As a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the
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attorney general sped up the pace of antitrust actions.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Theodore Roosevelt's approach to the nation's natural resources?
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He was a conservationist who tried to balance commercial and public interests.
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The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established a
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combined system in which a federal board supervised twelve district banks.
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During the 1904 presidential campaign, Roosevelt began calling his program the
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Square Deal.
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After settling post-Civil War disputes with France and Great Britain, the United States
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lapsed back into diplomatic isolation.
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When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913, he
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vowed that the United States would not seek further territorial gains by conquest.
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In the guerrilla war that followed the conquest of the Philippines,
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the conflict far exceeded in ferocity the war just concluded with Spain.
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The American victory at San Juan Hill in Cuba can be credited largely to
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four black U.S. regiments
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Confronted with the possibility of acquiring additional territory in a war with Spain, President McKinley
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was not averse to exploiting any opportunities that arose, although he was not motivated by a wish to seize colonies from Spain.
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After considering his options for the disposition of the Philippines, the most difficult issue following the war, President McKinley
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decided to keep them under American control because he considered Filipinos unable to govern themselves
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In its open-door policy toward China in 1899-1900, the United States
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sought guarantees of free access to trade and Chinese territorial integrity from other world powers.
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The Teller amendment, added to the congressional resolution empowering President McKinley to send U.S. forces to Cuba in 1898, promised that the United States
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had no intention of annexing Cuba.
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Under the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States would
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act unilaterally to regulate the affairs of any Caribbean nation.
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Which of the following is not a reason that Americans developed foreign markets in the late nineteenth century?
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American business owners hoped to attract immigrant workers to America by impressing them with the quality and quantity of U.S.-made goods.
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In the face of deteriorating relations with Spain in 1897 and early 1898, President McKinley
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issued an ultimatum to Spain demanding an armistice, abandonment of reconcentration, and peace negotiations with the rebels.
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President McKinley and the Republicans jumped at the chance to hold the Philippine Islands because
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they saw them as the key to American influence in the Asian market.
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Dollar diplomacy was
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William Howard Taft's preference for seeking a large role for American bankers and investors in East Asia.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the conduct of American diplomacy in the late nineteenth century?
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In Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands, diplomacy was left to American missionaries who worked to Christianize native populations.
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When William McKinley became president in 1897 and had to deal with the rebellion in Cuba, he
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took a tougher stance against the Spanish than Cleveland had taken.
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When he spoke of the United States carrying a "big stick," Theodore Roosevelt meant that the nation
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should make it clear to all foreign powers that whatever policies it might adopt, it intended to back them up with deeds as well as words.
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As a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the
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attorney general sped up the pace of antitrust actions.
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After settling post-Civil War disputes with France and Great Britain, the United States
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lapsed back into diplomatic isolation.
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In its open-door policy toward China in 1899-1900, the United States
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sought guarantees of free access to trade and Chinese territorial integrity from other world powers.
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The expansionist foreign policy of the 1890s derived significant inspiration from
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Social Darwinism and Anglo-Saxon superiority.
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American sugar planters in Hawaii sought annexation of the islands to the United States in 1893 because
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changes in the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and domestic sugar subsidies in the United States made them eager to gain the same advantages as U.S. growers had.
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Early twentieth-century civil rights advocates who created the Niagara Movement called for all of the following except
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the payment of reparations to former slaves and their descendents.
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When Congress created the Federal Trade Commission in 1914, the agency
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had broad powers to investigate companies and stop unfair trade practices.
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When U.S.-Japanese relations were complicated by the San Francisco school board's decision in 1906 to segregate all Asian students in a separate school, the United States
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offered a "Gentlemen's Agreement," by which Japan agreed to restrict immigration to the United States.
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Which of the following was the basis for the belief of American businessmen and policymakers in the late 1880s and early 1890s that the United States needed to adopt a more aggressive policy of expansion abroad?
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Accelerating pace of European imperialism and the fear that the United States would lose its chance at foreign markets, a fear increased by the Panic of 1893
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes American military intervention in Mexico in 1914?
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The intervention fostered a great deal of anti-American sentiment.
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Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the ideas of naval strategist Alfred T. Mahan?
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The United States should maintain a limited form of colonialism that is dependent upon a strong navy, vigorous merchant marine, and strategic bases to protect its trade interests.
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Theodore Roosevelt's strategic thinking about U.S. foreign policy was, in part, shaped by his
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belief in the duty of the "civilized" countries of the world to police and subdue "backward" peoples.
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In its open-door policy toward China in 1899-1900, the United States
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sought guarantees of free access to trade and Chinese territorial integrity from other world powers.
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When U.S.-Japanese relations were complicated by the San Francisco school board's decision in 1906 to segregate all Asian students in a separate school, the United States
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offered a "Gentlemen's Agreement," by which Japan agreed to restrict immigration to the United States.f
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The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war with Spain and in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States,
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received only one vote beyond the required two-thirds majority in the Senate.
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After the explosion of the battleship Maine, a U.S. naval board of inquiry blamed the sinking on
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a mine.
