History Exam 2 Test Questions – Flashcards
72 test answers
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James Otis
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Anti-tax: harassed the tax collectors
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"Sons of Liberty"
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Resistance groups composed of lawyers, traders that organized groups in opposition to stamp act
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Stamp Act Congress
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Boycott all British goods until tax was lifted (failure)
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Townshend Acts
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Tax on lead, paper, glass and tea that Americans imported from Britain
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Samuel Adams
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Becomes leader of the Sons of Liberty
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John Hancock
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Richest man in Boston, president of the 2nd Continental Congress
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Boston Massacre
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Snowballs & rocks & live fire because of the Townshend Acts (11 rioters were hit and 5 killed)
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Gaspee Incident
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Fire mysteriously broke out and and the ship burned (wreck)
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John Adams
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One of our founding fathers, second president of the U.S. and in the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, dealt with XYZ affair
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Boston Tea Party
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Son's of Liberty dumped all of the tea in the harbor to protest
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Coercive Acts
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1. Port of Boston closed until tea was paid 2. British officials couldn't be tried in colonies 3. Soldiers could be lodged in private homes 4. Appointed law enforcement
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Thomas Gage
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British General, military governor that implemented the Coercive Acts
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Lexington & Concord
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First military engagements, 700 militiamen marched towards Concord to confiscate weapons, shot went off 8 men dead and 10 wounded
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2nd Continental Congress
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Declared that The American Revolutionary War had begun
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George Washington
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Becomes head of the Colonial Army (commander)
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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Shot cannonballs in the middle of town, lost because U.S ran out of ammunition, 1/2 of British men died
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Canadian Invasion
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Canadians didn't like us
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Benedict Arnold
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Best general the Americans had
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Loyalists/Tories
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1/3 of the colonists favored the revolution, 1/3 of the colonists favored the British
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Paine/Common Sense
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First person to suggest the idea of independence, pamphlet
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Declaration of Independence
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Almost word for word of John Locke's work, adopted July 6, 1776
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Thomas Jefferson
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Wrote the Declaration of Independence
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John Burgoyne
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General of British army, surrendered army at Battle of Saratoga
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Battle of Saratoga
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1st American victory, British run out of supplies and are forced to surrender
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French Alliance
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Spain & Dutch give Americans money (only because of victory at Battle of Saratoga
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Charles Cornwallis
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Forced to surrender his men at the Battle of Yorktown, hunted down militia groups in North and South Carolina
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Battle of Yorktown
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More French than American soldiers, British ran out of supplies, fighting ends in North America but war continues for another 2 years
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Peace of Paris (1783)
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Gives America its independence, south and east of Mississippi expect Florida belong to U.S.
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Articles of Confederation
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Provided for a government by national legislature, essentially a continuation of the 2nd Continental Congress
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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Sale of land to the public, township- proceeds of one section of land go towards building a school
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Northwest Ordinance
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Lays out process to become a state, banned slavery north of the Ohio River 1. 5000 male white landowners 2. Total population of 60,000, legislature may write a constitution 3. Submit constitution to congress for approval
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Shays' Rebellion
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Massachusetts- farmers went on a rampage burning homes of the rich
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Alexander Hamilton
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Called for a stronger federal government, first secretary of the treasury, reduced the national debt
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Constitutional Convention
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Convention held in order to scrap the Articles of Confederation and write a new Constitution
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James Madison
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Drafted and promoted the constitution and Bill of Rights, Father of the Constitution, fourth president
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Great Compromise
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2 houses- House of Representatives: based on population, the senate: everybody gets two members
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3/5 Compromise
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Slaves count as 3/5 of a person when it comes to population
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The Federalist Papers
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Series of arguments trying to convince people of the Constitution
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Report on Public Credit
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Has to do with debt, goes through
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Report on Manufacturers
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1. Government aid to new businesses, 2. Contains a new national bank, 3. Tarif on imported goods, 4. Excise tax to help pay for all other things (primary focus on alcohol)
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Federalists/Republicans
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supporters of Hamilton/ supporters of Jefferson
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Protest on whiskey taxes which resulted in an extreme response be Washington
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XYZ Affair
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3 american delegates sent to France to negotiate, caused by British and French threatening American shipping, French bribe delegates but US leaves
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Alien & Sedition Acts
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Raised number of years to become a citizen from 5 to 14, gave citizen the ability to deport any non-citizen, illegal to publish anything false, malicious and scandalous on government
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Aaron Burr
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Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel
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John Marshall
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Chief Justice, (holds spot for over 40 years) Marbury vs. Madison case. He ruled that the Supreme Court could declare a law unconstitutional, establishing judicial review.
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Marbury v. Madison
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Established judicial review
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Louisiana Purchase
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Land acquired between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains
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Lewis & Clark
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Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route from the Mississippi to the Pacific.
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Wilkinson Conspiracy
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Conspiracy led by Burr and helped along by Wilkinson, Burr was arrested for treason, but no solid evidence was found against him.
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Chesapeake Affair
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The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.
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War of 1812
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a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France
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Tecumseh
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a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
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Hartford Convention
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Convention Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. 7 new constitutional amendments
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Battle of New Orleans
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January 1815- greatest victory, no impact on the war against
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Andrew Jackson
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Hero of Battle of New Orleans, Leader of new Democratic Party, liked by westerners and the "common man", lead mercenary army
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Era of Good Feelings
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name for President Monroe's two terms: period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion, and fewer partisan conflicts
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Henry Clay/American System
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2nd national bank, new protective tariff (tax on imported goods to make local businesses more profitable), internal improvements (buildings, roads, bridges)
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John Q. Adams
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6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.
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James Monroe
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5th president; presidency marked the Era of Good Feelings, noted for Monroe Doctrine (1823); served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War during the War of 1812 under President James Madison.
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Monroe Doctrine
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1. U.S will allow no new European colonies in the Americas 2. Will not interfere with existing colonies 3. The U.S promised to never try to get a colony in Europe
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Missouri Compromise
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Missouri can come in as a slave state with no restrictions, Maine would come in as a free state
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Corrupt Bargain
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alleged deal between presidential candidates John Q. Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the house of representatives, in Adam's favor.
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Kitchen Cabinet
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Jackson tended to listen to them & not to his official cabinet
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Peggy Eaton Affair
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Went out of her way (destroyed Jackson and Calhoun's relationship
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Nullification Crisis
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U.S government decides to lower tariff for five years until it goes away and South Carolina has to pay for it
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Bank War
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The 2nd national bank- Jackson wants to destroy the bank, pulls government money from national bank and distributes to smaller banks, pet banks
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Indian Removal/Trail of Tears
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Jackson wanted to get rid of native Americans, relocates them / Cherokee walk from Georgia to Oklahoma to relocate, 4000 Cherokee die of starvation or disease
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