History Chapter 19 Section 4 – Flashcards
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What did Thomas Malthus see?
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Everywhere in Britain, British economist Thomas Malthus saw the effects of the population explosion―crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, and widespread misery.
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What was Thomas Malthus' published Essay called?
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After careful study, in 1798 he published An Essay on the Principle of Population.
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What did Thomas Malthus conclude about poverty?
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He concluded that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply.
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What did Thomas Malthus wrote?
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Malthus wrote: "The power of population is [far] greater than the power of the Earth to produce subsistence for man."
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What did Thomas Malthus understand?
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Malthus was one of many thinkers who tried to understand the staggering changes taking place in the early Industrial Age.
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As thinkers or heirs to the Enlightenment what did they look for?
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As heirs to the Enlightenment, these thinkers looked for natural laws that governed the world of business and economics.
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What kind of view did Malthus have?
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Malthus Holds Bleak View
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What did Thomas Malthus predict?
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Also a laissez-faire economist, Thomas Malthus predicted that population would outpace the food supply.
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What did Malthus say about the checks on population growth ?
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The only checks on population growth, he said, were nature's "natural" methods of war, disease, and famine.
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What did Malthus say about the population increasing?
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As long as population kept increasing, he went on, the poor would suffer.
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What did Malthus urge?
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He thus urged families to have fewer children and discouraged charitable handouts and vaccinations.
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How did people react to Malthus view? Was it good or bad?
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During the early 1800s, many people accepted Malthus's bleak view as the factory system changed people's lifestyles for the worse.
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Was his view right or wrong?
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His view was proved wrong, however.
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As the population grew what grew even faster?
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Although the population boom did continue, the food supply grew even faster.
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As the century progresses what improved? Then what did people do?
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As the century progressed, living conditions for the Western world slowly improved―and then people began having fewer children.
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Where was population growth no longer a problem? Where was it?
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By the 1900s, population growth was no longer a problem in the West, but it did continue to afflict many nations elsewhere.
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What does Ricardo share?
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Ricardo Shares View
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Who was David Ricardo?
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Another influential British laissez-faire economist,
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What did Ricardo do?
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dedicated himself to economic studies after reading Smith's The Wealth of Nations.
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How were Malthus and Ricardo alike?
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Like Malthus, Ricardo did not hold out hope for the working class to escape poverty.
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What was economics known as?
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Because of such gloomy predictions, economics became known as the "dismal science."
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In Ricardo's book, what did he point out?
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In his "Iron Law of Wages," Ricardo pointed out that wage increases were futile because increases would only cover the cost of necessities.
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Why were wage increases futile?
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This was because when wages were high, families often had more children instead of raising the family's current standard of living.
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What did Malthus and Ricardo opposed to do?
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Both Malthus and Ricardo opposed any government help for the poor.
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What did Malthus and Ricardo think the best cure for poverty was?
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In their view, the best cure for poverty was not government relief but the unrestricted "laws of the free market."
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What did Malthus and Ricardo feel individuals should be left to improve?
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They felt that individuals should be left to improve their lot through thrift, hard work, and limiting the size of their families
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What do Utilitarians for limit?
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Utilitarians For Limited Government
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What did other thinkers sought to modify? Why?
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Other thinkers sought to modify laissez-faire doctrines to justify some government intervention.
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Who was Jeremy Bentham?
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British philosopher and economist
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What was Bentham advocating?
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was advocating utilitarianism*, or the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens.
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Utilitarianism
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idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
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To Bentham, how were laws and action judged?
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To Bentham all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility."
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In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness than pain?
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Bentham strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness. Still, he saw the need for government to become involved under certain circumstances.
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Who did Bentham's ideas influence?
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Bentham's ideas influenced the British philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill.
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Although Mill believed strongly in individual freedom, what did he want the government to do?
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Although he believed strongly in individual freedom, Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
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What did Mill write?
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"The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others."
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What should the government prevent while the middle-class business and factory owners are entitled to increase their own happiness?
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Therefore, while middle-class business and factory owners were entitled to increase their own happiness, the government should prevent them from doing so in a manner that would harm workers.
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Mill further called what?
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Mill further called for giving the vote to workers and women.
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Workers and women could use their power for what?
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These groups could then use their political power to win reforms.
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Who rejected Mill's ideas?
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Most middle-class people rejected Mill's ideas.
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When were Mill's views accepted?
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Only in the later 1800s were his views slowly accepted.
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What have today's governments absorbed?
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Today's democratic governments, however, have absorbed many ideas from Mill and the other utilitarians
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What emerges?
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Socialist Thought Emerges
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While laissez-faire economics praised individual rights, what do other thinkers focus on?
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While the champions of laissez-faire economics praised individual rights, other thinkers focused on the good of society in general.
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Thinkers that focused on the good of society condemned what?
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They condemned the evils of industrial capitalism, which they believed had created a gulf between rich and poor.
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How did thinkers focused on the good of society want to end poverty?
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To end poverty and injustice, they offered a radical solution―socialism*.
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Socialism
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system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property to operate all businesses.
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What do people under socialism do?
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Under socialism, the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production*―the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods.
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Means of productions
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farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
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How did socialism grow ?
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Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress and human nature and its concern for social justice.
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A number of early socialists established communities in which all work was what?
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A number of early socialists established communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common.
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Socialists said the fighting between people would disappear when what happens?
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When there was no difference between rich and poor, they said, fighting between people would disappear.
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Who were Utopians?
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These early socialists that said fighting would stop when there is no difference between rich and poor.
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What did the name Utopians imply?
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The name implied that they were impractical dreamers.
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What did Robert Owen set up?
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The Utopian Robert Owen set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland, to put his own ideas into practice.
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What did Owen establish?
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Owen Establishes a Utopia
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What did Owen become? What did Owen become?
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A poor Welsh boy, Owen became a successful mill owner.
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What did Own refuse that was uncommon?
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Unlike most industrialists at the time, he refused to use child labor.
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What did Owen campaigned?
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He campaigned vigorously for laws that limited child labor and encouraged the organization of labor unions.
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What did Karl Marx call for?
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Karl Marx Calls for Worker Control
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What did Karl Marx condemned?
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In the 1840s, Karl Marx, a German philosopher, condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism.
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What was Marx's new theory? Which was based on what?
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He formulated a new theory, "scientific socialism," which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history.
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Who did Marx team up with?
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He teamed up with another German socialist, Friedrich Engels, whose father owned a textile factory in England.
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What did Marx and Engels write?
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Marx and Engels wrote a pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto, which they published in 1848.
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How did the pamphlet The Communist Manifesto begin?
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"A spectre [ghost] is haunting Europe, the spectre of communism."
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What did Marx predict?
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Marx predicted a struggle between social classes that would lead to a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community.
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Communism later came to refer to a system in which...
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In practice, however, communism* later came to refer to a system in which governments led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life.
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Communism
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form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
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What did Marx theorize in The Communist Manifesto?
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In The Communist Manifesto, Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history.
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What did Marx argue about "haves" and "have-nots"?
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He argued that there was "the history of class struggles" between the "haves" and the "have-nots." The "haves" had always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all its wealth. In industrialized Europe, Marx said, the "haves" were the bourgeoisie. The "have-nots" were the proletariat*, or working class.
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Proletariat
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working class
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According to Marx, what was the modern class struggle?
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According to Marx, the modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat.
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What did Marx predict in the end?
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In the end, he predicted, the proletariat would be triumphant.
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Because proletariat were triumphant, workers would then do what?
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Workers would then take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society.
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What would a communist society do?
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Such a society would mark the end of the struggles people had endured throughout history, because wealth and power would be equally shared.
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What did Marx despise
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Marx despised capitalism.
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What did Marx believe about capitalism?
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He believed it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many.
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Marx called for what to bring about its downfall?
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He called for an international struggle to bring about its downfall. "Workers of all countries," he urged, "unite!"
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Marxism gain popularity who whom?
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At first, Marxism gained popularity with many people around the world.
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Leaders of a number of reform movements adopted what idea?
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Leaders of a number of reform movements adopted the idea that power should be held by workers rather than by business owners.
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How were Marx's ideas practiced?
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Marx's ideas, however, would never be practiced exactly as he imagined.
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What does Marxism briefly do?
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Marxism Briefly Flourishes
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Who adapted Marx's beliefs to form what?
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In the 1860s, German socialists adapted Marx's beliefs to form social democracy*, a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.
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Social democracy
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political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.
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Who embraced Marxism? what did they set up?
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In the late 1800s, Russian socialists embraced Marxism, and the Russian Revolution of 1917 set up a communist-inspired government.
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What did revolutionaries around the world do to Marxist ideas?
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For much of the 1900s, revolutionaries around the world would adapt Marxist ideas to their own situations and needs.
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Who turned to Marxism?
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Independence leaders in Asia, Latin America, and Africa would turn to Marxism.
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What later happens to Marxism?
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Marxism Loses Appeal
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As time passed, the failures of Marxist governments would illustrate what?
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As time passed, however, the failures of Marxist governments would illustrate the flaws in Marx's arguments.
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What did Marx predict? What happened instead?
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He predicted that workers would unite across national borders to wage class warfare. Instead, nationalism won out over working-class loyalty.
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People felt stronger ties to what instead of what?
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In general, people felt stronger ties to their own countries than to the international communist movement.
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By the end of the twentieth century, how many nations remained with communist governments? How many economies included elements of free-market capitalism?
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By the end of the twentieth century, few nations remained with communist governments, while nearly every economy included elements of free-market capitalism.
