History Chapter 11.4 Review – Flashcards
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the papacy
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the single most powerful institution in western Europe for 250 years
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Nicholas II
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pope who declared that all future popes would be chosen by cardinals only
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Hildebrand
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Nicholas II's adviser
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Innocent III
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pope under which the papacy attained the zenith of its power and influence
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transubstantiation
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the belief that the bread and wine are miraculously transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ
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Holy Office of Inquisition
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a special court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy
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cardinals
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priests of the churches in Rome and other Italian cities who chose eligible candidates for the papacy
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Gregory VII
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pope who sought to establish a Christendom dominated by the Roman church and ruled absolutely by the papacy
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Fourth Lateran Council
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sanctioned the dogma of transubstantiation
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Philip the Fair
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French king who clashed with the papacy when he levied 50% taxes on the French clergy's annual income; eventually had Pope Boniface VIII arrested to solve the controversy between himself and the papacy
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Boniface VIII
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pope who treated King Philip the Fair of France with excommunication for levying taxes against the French clergy; later imprisoned and released by Philip
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Avignon
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location of the papal court for 70 years from 1305-1378
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Great Schism
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the splitting of the papal throne when popes ruled in France and Rome after the time of the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
