History Ch.8-9 – Flashcards

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Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included
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huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure
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Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by
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passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).
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While Robert Morris's tax proposal didn't take effect and the Bank of North America did not resuscitate the economy in the 1780s, the confederation still had the potential to obtain wealth through
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sale of the huge territory ceded by Virginia, which in 1784 became the national domain
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In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress
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set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.
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Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold
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by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each
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The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was
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clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land
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The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
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Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of
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increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.
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Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a
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dispatch of armed militiamen
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The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was
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the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed
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James Madison emerged from Princeton College in 1771
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an exceptional scholar with no real plan for his life.
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked
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an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes
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Under the Articles of Confederation,
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each state had a single vote in Congress.
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The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their
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claims to western lands.
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Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because Americans did not trust the federal government to uphold their freedoms.
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the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.
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Between 1776 and 1780, the states attracted the most talented statesmen because
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he states were sovereign and familiar
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A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was
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the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed
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In devising their new constitutions, most states
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reduced the powers of the governor.
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Virginia's constitution was the first to
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include a bill of rights
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Property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states
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were replaced by a minimum-age requirement of twenty-two.
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Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should
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reflect colonial property qualifications to prevent women and very poor people from demanding the vote.
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Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?
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New Jersey
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Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because
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they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves
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In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in
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most northern states.
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In the deep South, immediately after the Revolution,
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the largest emancipation of blacks in the country occurred because of their association with the British
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The two men who were instrumental in calling for the Philadelphia meeting in May 1787 to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation were
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Madison and Hamilton.
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The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally
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were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation
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Two-thirds of the Constitutional Convention's delegates were
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lawyers
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The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was
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how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.
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At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the
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Virginia Plan
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The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was
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hat the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population
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The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention
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called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.
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The New Jersey Plan departed from the Articles of Confederation by
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creating a plural presidency to be shared by three men elected by the congress from among its membership.
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The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of
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representation
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As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed
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on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.
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At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?
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Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause.
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When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was
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not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed
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In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention
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gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.
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To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention
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devised the electoral college.
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Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified
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in ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.
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The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of
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national over state governments.
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Opposition to the Constitution came from substantial majorities in which of the following three most populous states?
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Virginia, Massachusetts, and New York
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Pro-Constitution forces called themselves
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Federalists.
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The first state to ratify the Constitution was
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Delaware
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Antifederalists were united mainly by
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their desire to block the Constitution
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The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on
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fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.
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The fight over ratification in Virginia proved to be very close because the influence of George Washington and James Madison was countered by Antifederalist arguments from
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George Mason and Patrick Henry.
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Antifederalism in New York centered on
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the state's size and power in relation to the new federal government.
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The authors of The Federalist essays originally wrote them
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as newspaper articles that detailed the failures of the Articles of Confederation.
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In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would
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prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.
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During the 1790s, a rift developed between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson partly because
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Hamilton supported the commercial elite and admired the British
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Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because
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he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.
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Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?
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Alexander Hamilton
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As vice president, John Adams was not invited to cabinet meetings; his only official duty was to
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preside over the Senate.
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In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the
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first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights
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What was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?
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the right to vote
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According to republican ideals of the late eighteenth century, women and mothers were most important in
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teaching virtuous sons.
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In the new republic, traditional gender relations
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remained largely unaltered from the norm
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Before the federal government settled into its permanent home in Washington, D.C., the nation's capital had most recently been moved from
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New York City to Philadelphia.
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American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of
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market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.
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During the 1790s, improvements in overland transportation
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led to an increase in the number of commercial stagecoach companies.
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Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would
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infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.
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To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed
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that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states
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Critics opposed the federal government assuming the states' old Revolutionary War debt because
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such action could subordinate the states to federal power
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Which of Hamilton's economic programs did Thomas Jefferson advise Washington was not permitted under the Constitution?
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the chartering of banks by Congress
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In response to Hamilton's arguments that the Constitution granted broad rights to regulate commerce, which would allow for the establishment of the Bank of the United States,
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President Washington agreed with Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution and signed the bank into law in 1791.
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The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to
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protect and foster domestic manufacturing.
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Of the economic programs presented by Hamilton, the only one not approved by Congress was the
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tariff recommended in the Report on Manufactures
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What was the Whiskey Rebellion
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a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey
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To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass
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a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey
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In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington
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nationalized the Pennsylvania militia and led the effort to put down the revolt.
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Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)
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serious threat to federal leadership within the country.
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Which of the following best describes the U.S. government's early policy toward Indians in the Northwest Territory?
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Displace the Indians and clear the way for permanent American settlements in Ohio
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When the U.S. government's early policy toward the Indians in the Northwest Territory did not reap the anticipated results,
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an expansion of military forces led to the total defeat of General St. Clair's army.
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In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in
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the Treaty of Greenville.
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Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?
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liquor
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What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?
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He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.
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Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?
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Many Americans were angered by an official declaration of neutrality.
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How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?
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They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.
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The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared
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during Washington's second term
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The Constitution did not include or anticipate
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political parties.
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In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against
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America forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.
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In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
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ended up being president and vice president.
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In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was
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corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.
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During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson
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withdrew from active counsel of the president due to the influence of the Hamiltonian cabinet.
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In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams
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sent three men to negotiate peace with France
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X, Y, and Z were the code names for
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three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners
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Following the XYZ affair,
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Congress repealed all prior treaties with France and launched the United States into an undeclared war with France called the Quasi-War.
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In an effort to muffle the heated opposition to President Adams's anti-French foreign policy,
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Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1798.
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The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to
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harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming
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The Sedition Act targeted mainly
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Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.
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Republicans used the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions to
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oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts using state legislatures
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that
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states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were authored by
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Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
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When President Adams arranged a negotiated end to the Quasi-War in 1799,
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he lost a significant part of his party's support.
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