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Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

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huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure

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Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

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passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).

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While Robert Morris's tax proposal didn't take effect and the Bank of North America did not resuscitate the economy in the 1780s, the confederation still had the potential to obtain wealth through

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sale of the huge territory ceded by Virginia, which in 1784 became the national domain

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In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

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set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.

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Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

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by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each

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The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

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clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land

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The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

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Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

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increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

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Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a

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dispatch of armed militiamen

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The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was

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the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed

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James Madison emerged from Princeton College in 1771

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an exceptional scholar with no real plan for his life.

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Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

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an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes

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Under the Articles of Confederation,

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each state had a single vote in Congress.

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The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

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claims to western lands.

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Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because Americans did not trust the federal government to uphold their freedoms.

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the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

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Between 1776 and 1780, the states attracted the most talented statesmen because

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he states were sovereign and familiar

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A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

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the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed

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In devising their new constitutions, most states

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reduced the powers of the governor.

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Virginia's constitution was the first to

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include a bill of rights

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Property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states

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were replaced by a minimum-age requirement of twenty-two.

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Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

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reflect colonial property qualifications to prevent women and very poor people from demanding the vote.

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Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

answer

New Jersey

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Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

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they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves

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In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

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most northern states.

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In the deep South, immediately after the Revolution,

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the largest emancipation of blacks in the country occurred because of their association with the British

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The two men who were instrumental in calling for the Philadelphia meeting in May 1787 to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation were

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Madison and Hamilton.

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The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

answer

were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation

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Two-thirds of the Constitutional Convention's delegates were

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lawyers

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The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

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how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.

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At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

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Virginia Plan

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The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

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hat the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population

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The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

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called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.

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The New Jersey Plan departed from the Articles of Confederation by

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creating a plural presidency to be shared by three men elected by the congress from among its membership.

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The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

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representation

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As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

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on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

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At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

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Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause.

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When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

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not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed

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In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.

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To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

devised the electoral college.

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Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

answer

in ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

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The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

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national over state governments.

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Opposition to the Constitution came from substantial majorities in which of the following three most populous states?

answer

Virginia, Massachusetts, and New York

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Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

answer

Federalists.

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The first state to ratify the Constitution was

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Delaware

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Antifederalists were united mainly by

answer

their desire to block the Constitution

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The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

answer

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.

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The fight over ratification in Virginia proved to be very close because the influence of George Washington and James Madison was countered by Antifederalist arguments from

answer

George Mason and Patrick Henry.

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Antifederalism in New York centered on

answer

the state's size and power in relation to the new federal government.

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The authors of The Federalist essays originally wrote them

answer

as newspaper articles that detailed the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

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In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

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prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.

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During the 1790s, a rift developed between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson partly because

answer

Hamilton supported the commercial elite and admired the British

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Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because

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he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.

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Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

answer

Alexander Hamilton

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As vice president, John Adams was not invited to cabinet meetings; his only official duty was to

answer

preside over the Senate.

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In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

answer

first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights

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What was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?

answer

the right to vote

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According to republican ideals of the late eighteenth century, women and mothers were most important in

answer

teaching virtuous sons.

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In the new republic, traditional gender relations

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remained largely unaltered from the norm

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Before the federal government settled into its permanent home in Washington, D.C., the nation's capital had most recently been moved from

answer

New York City to Philadelphia.

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American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of

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market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.

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During the 1790s, improvements in overland transportation

answer

led to an increase in the number of commercial stagecoach companies.

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Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

answer

infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.

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To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed

answer

that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states

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Critics opposed the federal government assuming the states' old Revolutionary War debt because

answer

such action could subordinate the states to federal power

question

Which of Hamilton's economic programs did Thomas Jefferson advise Washington was not permitted under the Constitution?

answer

the chartering of banks by Congress

question

In response to Hamilton's arguments that the Constitution granted broad rights to regulate commerce, which would allow for the establishment of the Bank of the United States,

answer

President Washington agreed with Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution and signed the bank into law in 1791.

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The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to

answer

protect and foster domestic manufacturing.

question

Of the economic programs presented by Hamilton, the only one not approved by Congress was the

answer

tariff recommended in the Report on Manufactures

question

What was the Whiskey Rebellion

answer

a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey

question

To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass

answer

a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey

question

In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington

answer

nationalized the Pennsylvania militia and led the effort to put down the revolt.

question

Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)

answer

serious threat to federal leadership within the country.

question

Which of the following best describes the U.S. government's early policy toward Indians in the Northwest Territory?

answer

Displace the Indians and clear the way for permanent American settlements in Ohio

question

When the U.S. government's early policy toward the Indians in the Northwest Territory did not reap the anticipated results,

answer

an expansion of military forces led to the total defeat of General St. Clair's army.

question

In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

answer

the Treaty of Greenville.

question

Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?

answer

liquor

question

What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

answer

He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.

question

Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?

answer

Many Americans were angered by an official declaration of neutrality.

question

How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?

answer

They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.

question

The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared

answer

during Washington's second term

question

The Constitution did not include or anticipate

answer

political parties.

question

In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against

answer

America forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.

question

In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

answer

ended up being president and vice president.

question

In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was

answer

corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

question

During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson

answer

withdrew from active counsel of the president due to the influence of the Hamiltonian cabinet.

question

In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams

answer

sent three men to negotiate peace with France

question

X, Y, and Z were the code names for

answer

three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners

question

Following the XYZ affair,

answer

Congress repealed all prior treaties with France and launched the United States into an undeclared war with France called the Quasi-War.

question

In an effort to muffle the heated opposition to President Adams's anti-French foreign policy,

answer

Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1798.

question

The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to

answer

harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming

question

The Sedition Act targeted mainly

answer

Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.

question

Republicans used the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions to

answer

oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts using state legislatures

question

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that

answer

states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights

question

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were authored by

answer

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

question

When President Adams arranged a negotiated end to the Quasi-War in 1799,

answer

he lost a significant part of his party's support.

History Ch.8-9 – Flashcards

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