History 17B

○ Who: California growers
○ What: California growers were businessmen who exploited the wages of immigrant workers (Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Mexicans) for very poorly paid labor. There were giant factories, hence the name.
○ When: 1930’s Great Depression Era
○ Where: California
○ HisSig: When the Great Depression hit, prices plummeted and farmers were paid lesser and lesser for their crops. Wages got cut and dropped, and many of the farmers had to foreclose their homes and move to California where they would find workers willing to work for anything.

○ Who: Farms in the Southwest
○ What: region in south-central US that had a harsh changing climate (a severe long-lastng drought coupled with bad land management caused the ground to dehydrate and be ridden with so much dirt, that farms would dry up and blow away) for farmers during the Depression; led to unemployment of many farmers.
○ When: 1930’s, particularly 1934 and 1936
○ Where: south central United States (like Texas and Oklahoma)
○ HisSig: families became homeless and migrated to CA in hopes of finding jobs.

○ Who: migrants from Oklahoma to California during the Depression
○ What: Life outside of CA had been hard (droughts, Dust Bowl, bad farming) so many people migrated to CA during this time
○ When: 1930’s (during the Depression)
○ Where: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico
○ HisSig: attracted attention and sympathy from people across the country, also another indication of migration from white Americans. the supply of workers increased dramatically which caused a decline in wages (no unions yet).

○ Who: One of the famous organizers of the American Communist Party. Anarchist union organizer.
○ What: Had worked on ships for many years. Organized farmworkers into unions as the first step to convincing them of the failures of capitalism.
○ When: Great Depression into the 1950s
○ Where: California
○ HisSig:

○ Who: A respectable woman, born in Georgia. Became radicalized in the 1920’s-1930’s.
○ What: Joined the Communist Party and was sent to organize farm workers.
○ In 1934, Gladstein was sentenced to prison under the California Criminal Syndicalism Act and spent three years in jail
○ When:
○ Where:
○ HisSig:

○ Who: FDR
○ What: To authorize the President of the USA to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery and establish a national public works program. Enacted during the Great Depression
○ When: June 16, 1933
○ Where: USA
○ HisSig: This was another attempt by the Federal Government to extend its powers. However, the NIRA was set to expire in June 1935, but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935).[2] The Act encouraged union organizing, which led to significant labor unrest. Section 7a said that employees have the right to unionize, and this resulted in a wave of organizing strikes. There also rose a tremendous desire for workers to unionize or at least get their union recognized.

**Didn’t the NIRA (Section 7a) state that employees had the right to organize and collectively bargain against management?

○ Who: The Growers (not the actual people picking crops)
○ What: A countermovement aimed at interfering with and obstructing the attempts of farm workers to strike and unionize
○ When: 1930’s
○ HisSig: This was during the time of monopolies, and grower’s wanted to keep wages low. If farm workers unionized, then they would have more power to command better wages. This is also during the time when Okies came to California, so there was a ton of labor but little organization for unions.

○ Who: candidate for governor of California
○ What: Registered member of the Socialist Party. Author of The Jungle. In the 1920’s he moved to California, began running as a Democrat.
○ When:
○ Where:
○ HisSig: A Socialist was the Democrat’s candidate.

○ Who:
○ What: (End Poverty In California) An effort for well-known muckracking writer and former Socialist Upton Sinclair to implement socialist reforms through California’s Democratic Party during the Great Depression by recruiting supporters into the party and the securing that party’s nomination for the California gubernational election.
○ When:1934
○ Where: California
○ HisSig:

○ Who: 18 farm labor organizers
○ What: the longest-criminal running trial in CA history, the defendants wanted a living wage , fair working conditions, and the right of the agricultural worker to unionize; defendants were put on trial for attempting to “overthrow the government by violent means”
○ When: Jan. 1st-Apri 1st, 1935
○ Where: Sac, CA
○ HisSig: attracted national attention on poverty, homelessness

○ Who: Mexican workers, American and Mexican governments
○ What: Came to an agreement to a program of contract laborers to be admitted in the US for a limited time. They worked as farm laborers and in factories.
○ When: 1942-60’s?
○ Where: Western U.S., Chicago, Detroit
○ HisSig: They helped during a time of wartime labor shortages on the Pacific Coast and in the Southwest.

○ Who: Arizona-born farmworker of Mexican descent.
○ What: Organized Hispanics, created an effective union of largely Mexican itineratn farmworkers: the United Farm Workers.
○ When: 1970’s
○ Where: California
○ HisSig:

○ Who: Farm Laborers (mostly mexican and filipino immigrants)
○ What: A Unionization of farm workers to command better working conditions and wages.
○ HisSig: One of the first labor unions to unite immigrant laborers and give them a voice to get better working conditions and wages

○ Who: The Agrigultural Adjustment Administration
○ What: worked to make electric power available for the first time to thousands of farmers through utility cooperatives.
○ When: 1935
○ Where: US
○ HisSig:

○ Who:
○ What: Guaranteed workers the right to join unions without fear of management reprisal. Prohibited employers from committing unfair labor practices that might discourage organizing or preventing workers from negotiating a union contract
○ When:1935
○ Where:
○ HisSig: Signed by FDR, gives more power to employees who want to form unions or join unions. This act protected workers from their employers who could enact unfair labor practices to hinder them from joining a union or organizing a union.

○ Who: Elderly
○ What: As a part of the New deal, The act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly
○ HisSig: FDR became one of the first presidents to advocate assistance for the elderly.

○ Who: Roosevelt
○ What: Reduced government spending when unemployment began to dip, however it was too soon and shortly after unemployment went back up dramatically
○ When: 1937?
○ Where: The United States
○ HisSig: It showed that Roosevelt preferred a fiscally conservative policy, and although he did as much as he could in the New Deal, he wanted to stay conservative in essence.

○ Who: FDR
○ What: Wanted to appoint 15 supreme court members.
○ When:
○ Where: American Supreme Court
○ HisSig:

○ Who: Roosevelt
○ What: stay away from joining the war with Britain and France (the Allies); aka isolationism.
○ When:
○ Where:
○ HisSig: Roosevelt wanted to stay away from the war for as long as he did because almost everyone did not want to involve in a global war.

When: December 12, 1937
Who: Jap aviators
Where: Yangtze River, China
What: Japanese aircraft bombed and sank the US gunboat Panay.
His. Sig. After Roosevelt’s Quarantine speech. The Japanese said that this was an accident, but
most thought that it was most certainly done on purpose. To avoid upsetting the public
and antagonizing the isolationists, US accepted Japan’s apology and overlooked the
attack.

When: Spring of 1940
Who: Nazis
Where: Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Poland
What: use of airplanes/tanks, “war of machines,” Known as lightning warfare, after invading and occupying Poland, Germany swept
through most of western Europe along with support from Mussolini.
His. Sig. This ultimately led to the Fall of France and the complete destruction of English and
French armies in Western Europe. The land was then occupied by the Nazi party up
until the invasion of D-day. The Nazis also bombarded England with bombs from the
Luftwaffe between 1940-1941.

When: Late 1940 (December 29)
Who: Roosevelt
Where: Britain, Soviet Union, US
What: This act would allow the government not only to sell but also to lend or lease
armaments to any nation deemed “pivotal to the defense of the US”. (vs. “cash-and-carry”)
His. Sig. This allowed the US to supply both the UK and Soviets with weapons against the
Nazis. However, due to Nazi U-boats, transportation of these supplies was difficult to
complete. Ultimately, this was the entrance beginning of the US into WWII.
Especially when U-boats hit 2 American destroyers sinking the Reuben James,
killing many American sailors.

When: WWII
Who: Civilian cities
Where: UK, Germany, Japan
What: Cities would have small incendiary bombs (Cluster bomb or Molotov bread basket)
dropped on them and fires would erupt. These fires would spread throughout an entire
cities completely demolishing the buildings and killing much of the city’s civilian
population.
His. Sig. The US, for the most part, was remaining neutral from WWII. With the German’s
firebombing London and the UK, the American public became outraged. The public
outcry towards the bombing helped with the US entrance into WWII. Later, the US
employed the same bombing technique on German cities and Japanese cities.

When: WWII
Who: Civilian cities
Where: UK, Germany, Japan
What: A military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-
state by destroying its economic ability and public will to wage war rather than
destroying its land or naval forces. Civilians were also targeted.
His. Sig. One of the aims of war is to demoralize the enemy, so that peace or surrender
becomes preferable to continuing the conflict. Unfortunately, the fire bombing of
Tokyo and other Japanese cities did not enact Japan’s surrender. It took 2 atomic
bombs to do this in order to avoid a total Japan land invasion.

When: WWII; Spring/Summer 1945
Who: Allies (MacArthur)
Where: Pacific (Okinawa)
What: Battle of Midway, etc. Allied forces would leapfrog certain heavily fortified Japanese positions and
concentrate their forces on strategically important and less fortified islands.(7,613 US dead, 70k Japanese dead, 100k civilians, 35% casualties overall)
His. Sig. This allowed the Allies to get within bombing distance of mainland Japan. This also
closed off supply routes for Japanese transports to supply the troops on the islands.
This was the pivotal military strategy that led to the surrender of Japan.

When: August 6, 1945 August 8, 1945
Who: US, Japan
Where: Hiroshima, Nagasaki
What: 2 atomic weapons were dropped on mainland Japan.
His. Sig. The first bomb killed 80k and the second killed 100k. Many more suffered the
crippling effects of radioactive fallout or passed those effects on their children in the
form of birth defects. The US hoped to avoid using the A bombs but and estimation of
a full out land invasion would be catastrophic to both sides. The use of the A bomb
was justified by saying that it would ultimately save lives. After the second bomb,
Japan unconditionally surrendered on August 14,1945. Atomic bombing demonstrated a moral failure on the American side.

When: January 6, 1941
Who: FDR
Where: US
What: 1) Freedom of Speech and expression
2) Freedom of Worship
3) Freedom of Want
4) Freedom from Fear
His. Sig. FDR proposed these four fundamental freedoms that people “everywhere in the world”
ought to enjoy. This is the concept that would be adopted by the UN and the
inspiration behind the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. This would also
have to be adopted by all countries that want admittance into the UN.

When: August 1941
Who: FDR, Churchill
Where: Aboard a British Vessel off the coast of Newfoundland.
What: A set of documents which the two nations (UK, US) set out “certain common
principles” on which to base “a better future for the world”.
His. Sig. This document was a statement of war aims. Even though the US was not officially in
WWII, it shows the eventual involvement of the US and it calls for “the final
destruction of the Nazi tyranny”.

When: February 1945
Who: FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Where: Yalta, Soviet Union
What: This is a peace conference between the UK, US, and Soviets in order to discuss Europe’s postwar reorganization. Stalin wanted to divide Germany in two.
His. Sig. Concessions were made here in order to have the Soviet’s enter the Pacific War.
During this meeting, the United Nations would be formed with a General Assembly,
which every member would be represented, and a Security Council with permanent
representatives of the five major powers (US, UK, Soviet, France, China). This is also
a foresight into the future Cold War between Capitalists and Communists.

When: July of 1945
Who: Truman, Churchill, Stalin
Where: Potsdam, Russian occupied Germany
What: This conference was to clear up any other questions or concerns of border disputes
and territories.
His. Sig. Truman accepted the adjustments of the Polish-German border that Stalin had long
demanded. Stalin refused to permit the Russians to claim any reparations from the
American, French, and British zones of Germany. This stance effectively confirmed
that Germany would remain divided. The western zones ultimately united into one
nation, friends to the US, and the Russian zone survived as another nation, with a pro- Soviet, communist government. (Stepping stone to Cold War) The beginning of the end of US – Soviet relationship

When: Ratified July 1945
Who: League of Nations
Where:
What: General Assembly in which every member country would be represented and a
Security Council that will have five permanent members (US, UK, France, Soviet,
China)
His. Sig. First time that many nations grouped together to act as a global initiative. The ideals of
the UN are to promote freedom of people across the entire planet.

When: February 9, 1946
Who: Stalin
Where: Russia
What: Election Speech to the people of the Soviet Union. Does not really matter due to the
fact that Stalin already has the position.
His. Sig. Stalin denounces the West by saying that Capitalism is bad. This pretty much signifies
the start of the Cold War.

When: March 5, 1946
Who: Churchill
Where: Europe
What: Symbolizes the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe between
communist Soviet Union and the Capitalist
His. Sig. This was a direct response to Stalin’s re-election speech. This speech outlined the
Soviet control over Europe; Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic. This was to
show the people that the Soviet were trying to control and expand into territory that is
not theirs. One more step to Cold War.

When: March 12, 1947
Who: Truman
Where: US
What: Truman appeared before Congress and used Kennan’s warnings. “I believe that it must
be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” He requested $400 million
for aid to Greece and Turkey which Congress quickly approved.
His. Sig. The American commitment ultimately helped ease Soviet pressure on Turkey and
helped the Greek government defeat the communist insurgents. More important, it
established a basis for American foreign policy that would survive for more than thirty
years.

When: June 1947
Who: Secretary of State George C. Marshall
Where: US
What: Plan to provide economic assistance to all European nations (including the Soviet
Union) that would join in drafting a program for recovery. Soviet Union and Eastern
satellites quickly and predictably rejected the plan. 16 Western European nations
eagerly participated. Over the next 3 years, the US channeled $13 billion in aid to
Europe.
His. Sig. This aid sparked a substantial economic revival. By the end of 1950, European
industrial production had risen 64 percent, communist strength in the member nations
had declined, and opportunities for American trade had revived.

When: June 1948 for ten months.
Who: Truman
Where: West Berlin
What: Stalin placed a massive blockade of the Western sectors of Berlin and all roads leading
in. If Germany was to be officially divided, he was implying, then the country’s
Western government would have to abandon its outpost in the heart of the Soviet-
controlled eastern zone. Truman refused to do so. Unwilling to risk war through a
military challenge to the blockade, he ordered a massive airlift to supply the city with
food, fuel, and other needed goods. The airlift transported nearly 2.5 million tons of
material, keeping a city of 2 million people alive.
His. Sig. In the spring of 1949, Stalin lifted the now ineffective blockade. And in October, the
division of Germany into two nations–the Federal Republic in the west and the
Democratic Republic in the East—became official. This accelerated the consolidation
of the US and Western European countries. NATO will soon be created.

When: April 4, 1949
Who: US and Western European Countries
Where: Europe and US
What: Consolidation of forces and resources. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
declared that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack
against all. The NATO countries would, moreover, maintain a standing military force
in Europe to defend against what many believed was the Soviet invasion.
His. Sig. The formation of NATO eventually spurred the Soviet Union to create an alliance of
its own with the communist governments in Eastern Europe, as formalized in 1955 by
the Warsaw Pact. This was the official separation between communism and capitalism.
The official start of the Cold War.

When: 1950
Who: Truman
Where: US
What: Outlined a shift in the American position. The first statements of the containment
doctrine had made at least some distinctions between areas of vital interest to the US
and areas of less importance to the nation’s foreign policy and had called on America
to share the burden of containment with its allies. The US could no longer rely on other
nations to take the initiative in resisting communism.
His. Sig. It must move on its own to stop communist expansion virtually anywhere it occurred,
regardless of the intrinsic strategic or economic value of the lands in question. Among
other things, the report called for a major expansion of American military power, with
a defense budget almost four times the previously projected figure. Ultimately made
the US the major force and power against the Soviets.

When: 1950-1953
Who: US and Korea
Where: Korea
What: Korea was split after WWII. The Soviets left N. Korea with a pro-communist
government and the US left S. Korea with an anticommunist government, nominally
democratic, and used his relatively small military primarily to suppress internal
opposition. China and Soviets did not order the invasion from N. Korea but did not try
to stop it and supported the offensive once it began. US troops pushed the N. Koreans
back further North. Then the Chinese joined the fight pushing US troops south of the
38 parallel. US troops pushed back and held at the 38 parallel.
His. Sig. Significantly boosted economic growth by pumping new government funds into the
economy at a point when many believed it was about to decline. Intensified anxiety
about communism. 140k dead or wounded US soldiers.

When: Created July 22, 1944 Existence: December 27, 1945
Who: 29 countries
Where: World
What: Countries contribute money to a pool through a quota system from which countries
with payment imbalances can borrow funds on a temporary basis.
His. Sig. The goal was to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world’s
international payment system post WWII. Through this activity and others such as
surveillance of its members economies and policies, IMF works to improve the
economies of its member countries.

When: August 21, 1944 through October 7, 1944
Who: US, UK, China and Soviet Union
Where: Washington D.C.
What: Conference that recognized the need for a postwar international organization to succeed the League of Nations. Deliberations over proposals for the establishment of an organization to maintain peace and security in the world.
His. Sig. This was the lead in into the Yalta Conference. Finally, the UN was created from this
1. To maintain international peace and security; and to that end to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means adjustment or settlement of international disputes which may lead to a breach of the peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
3. To achieve international co-operation in the solution of international economic, social and other humanitarian problems; and
4. To afford a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the achievement of these common ends.

When:
Who: UK and its empire
Where:
What: This declaration was a push for more independent colonies of the British Empire.
His. Sig. After WWII, UK was broke and did not have the financial or military means to uphold its empire. The US was ultimately charged with the handling of these colonies. In time, the colonies ended up going independent.

○ Who: Ronald Reagan
○ What: The ad was part of the 1984 U.S. presidential campaign of Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan. It featured a montage of images of Americans going to work and a calm,optimistic narration that suggested the improvements to the U.S. economy since his 1980 election were due to Reagan’s policies and asked voters why they would want to return to the pre-Reagan policies of Democrats like his opponent Walter Mondale, who had served as the Vice President under Reagan’s immediate predecessor Jimmy Carter.
○ When: 1984
○ Where: US
○ HisSig: The phrase “It’s morning again in America” is used both as a literal statement (people are shown going to work), and as a metaphor for renewal.

○ Who: Ronald Reagan to Soviet Union
○ What: The phrase evil empire was applied to the Soviet Union especially by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union’s strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union. The characterization demeaned the Soviet Union and angered Soviet leaders; it represented the rhetorical side of the escalation of the Cold War.
○ When: 1983
○ Where:
○ HisSig: in their use of the phrase “evil empire,” Reagan and his anti-Communist political allies were effective in breaking the détente (easing of strained relations) tradition, thus laying the ground for the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union.
Strategic Defense Initiative

○ Who: Ronald Reagan
○ What: The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack against incoming missiles and thus make nuclear war obsolete. The Soviet Union claimed that the new program would elevate the arms race to new and more dangerous levels and insisted that any arms control agreement begin with an American abandonment of SDI.
○ When: March 23, 1983
○ Where:
○ HisSig: Reagan’s commitment to the SDI program prevented agreements with Gorbachev.
○

○ Who: East and West Berlin
○ What: The change began when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. He tried to make changes in the state bureaucracy and in the Communist party. Gorbachev’s reform contributed to the breakup of the centralized structure of the USSR. During this time some states such as Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania declared their independence. In 1989, Gorbachev shifted his policies toward the satellite states of the communist block in Eastern Europe, including Germany. In effect, the politics in Germany also began to lead toward the destruction of the wall.
○ When: 1989
○ Where: Berlin
○ HisSig: The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990.

○ Who: Mikhail Gorbachev
○ What: Succeeded to the leadership of the Soviet Union in 1985 and quickly became the most revolutionary figure in world politics in at least four decades. Gorbachev quickly transformed Soviet politics with two dramatic new initiatives: glasnost (openness), and the dismantling of many of the repressive mechanisms that had been conspicuous features of Soviet life for over half a century, and perestroika (reform), an effort to restructure the rigid and unproductive Soviet economy by introducing, among other things, such elements of capitalism as private ownership and the profit motive. He also began to transform Soviet foreign policy.
○ When: 1985-1991
○ Where: Soviet Union
○ HisSig: Gorbachev himself resigned as leader of the now virtually powerless Communist Party and Soviet government, and the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

○ Who: Kosovo, Yugoslavia, US
○ What: Kosovo sought independence from Yugoslavia. Clinton faced another crisis in the Balkans. The conflict involved a province of Serbian-dominated Yugoslavia—Kosovo—most of whose residents were Albanian Muslims. A savage civil war erupted there in 1998 between Kosovo nationalists and Serbians. In May 1999, NATO forces—dominated and led by the US—began a major bombing campaign against the Serbians, which after little more than a week led the leader of Yugoslavia, Slobodan MIlosevis, to agree to a cease-fire. Serbian troops withdrew from Kosovo entirely, replaced by NATO peacekeeping forces. A precarious peace returned to the region.
○ When: 1999
○ Where: Kosovo
○ HisSig:

○ Who: Monica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton
○ What: The Lewinsky scandal was a political sex scandal emerging in 1998, from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 21-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.
○ When: 1998
○ Where:
○ HisSig: The news of this extra-marital affair and the resulting investigation eventually led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives and his subsequent acquittal on all impeachment charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in a 21-day Senate trial.

○ Who: Clintons
○ What: An American politics controversy that began with the real estate investments of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, Jim and Susan McDougal in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture in the 1970s and 1980s. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against President Bill Clinton in the Whitewater affair, claimed in November 1992 that Bill Clinton, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal. A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never prosecuted, as three separate inquiries found insufficient evidence linking them with the criminal conduct of others related to the land deal.
○ When: 1992?
○ Where:
○ HisSig: They found nothing legit to charge him with so they moved on to crazy, I mean Lewinsky

○ Who: Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the US.
○ What:
○ When:
○ Where:
○ HisSig: Not even Nixon was tried. Second President in history to be tried for Impeachment, but he wasn’t convicted and didn’t resign
Mujahideen

○ Who: Japan and US and Allies
○ What: The Battle of Midway, fought near the Central Pacific island of Midway, is considered the decisive battle of the war in the Pacific. Before this battle the Japanese were on the offensive, capturing territory throughout Asia and the Pacific. By their attack, the Japanese had planned to capture Midway to use as an advance base, as well as to entrap and destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet. After Midway, the Americans and their Allies took the offensive in the Pacific. In the Battle of the Aleutian Islands (June 1942-August 1943) during World War II (1939-45), U.S. troops fought to remove Japanese garrisons established on a pair of U.S.-owned islands west of Alaska. In June 1942, Japan had seized the remote, sparsely inhabited islands of Attu and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands. It was the only U.S. soil Japan would claim during the war in the Pacific. The maneuver was possibly designed to divert U.S. forces during Japan’s attack on Midway Island (June 4-7, 1942) in the central Pacific. It’s also possible the Japanese believed holding the two islands could prevent the U.S. from invading Japan via the Aleutians. Either way, the Japanese occupation was a blow to American morale.
○ When: June 1942
○ Where: Midway & Aleutian Islands
○ HisSig: The balance of sea power in the Pacific shifted from the Japan to an equity between America and Japan. Soon after the Battle of Midway the U.S. and their allies would take the offensive in the Pacific.

○ Who: Philippines and America
○ What: an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War.
○ When: 1899-1902
○ Where: Philippines
○ HisSig: Filipino self-rule gradually increased, and on July 4, 1946, the islands finally gained their independence.

When:1923
Who: Alice Paul
Where: US Congress
What: Equal rights under the law will not be denied on account of sex. Passes but not by enough.
His sig: Showed advancement of interest groups and their effectiveness. A step towards equality of rights for women.In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. The ERA failed to receive the requisite number of ratifications before the final deadline mandated by Congress of June 30, 1982 expired and so it was not adopted

Who: African Americans, James Thompson
What: achieve victories over the Axis powers in World War II and over racial prejudice in the US
When: WWII
Where:
HisSig:

Who: nominees: Harry S. Truman (democrat), Thomas E. Dewey (Republican), and Storm Thurmond (Dixiecrat). Truman won the election.
What:was the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas E. Dewey. Both parties had severe ideological splits, with the far left and far right of the Democratic Party running third-party campaigns.
When: 1948
Where: USA
HisSig: Now, democrats regained control of both houses of Congress.Thus, Truman’s election confirmed the Democratic Party’s status as the nation’s majority party, a status it would retain until the conservative realignment in 1968

What:an American lawyer, government official, author, and lecturer. He was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and U.N. official. Hiss was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.
When: 1948
Where: HUAC
HisSig: The case heightened public concern about Soviet espionage penetration of the U.S. government in the 1930s and 1940s. As a well-educated and highly connected government official from an old American family, Alger Hiss did not fit the profile of a typical spy. Publicity surrounding the case thrust Richard M. Nixon into the public spotlight, helping him move from the U.S. House of Representatives to the U.S. Senate in 1950, and to the vice presidency of the United States in 1952. Senator Joseph McCarthy made his famous Wheeling, West Virginia, speech two weeks after the Hiss verdict, launching his career as the nation’s most visible anti-communist.

Who: Director of the FBI
What: Hoover is credited with building the FBI into a large and efficient crime-fighting agency, and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology,
When:Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972 aged 77.
Where:
HisSig:Late in life and after his death Hoover became a controversial figure as evidence of his secretive actions became public. His critics have accused him of exceeding the jurisdiction of the FBI.[1] He used the FBI to harass political dissenters and activists, to amass secret files on political leaders,[2] and to collect evidence using illegal methods.[3] FBI directors are now limited to one 10-year term,[4] subject to extension by the United States Senate,[5] because of his long and controversial tenure.
Gangster Wars of the 1930s

Who: Irene Morgan
What:Supreme Court invalidates provisions of the Virginia Code which require the separation of white and colored passengers where applied to interstate bus transport. The state law is unconstitutional insofar as it is burdening interstate commerce, an area of federal jurisdiction.[13]
When:June 3, 1946
Where: Virginia
HisSig: Morgan was the predecessor to Rosa Parks

Who: Senator Joseph McCarthy
What: communist witch hunts. the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from 1950 to 1954 and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents.
When: 1950s
Where:
HisSig: fear of communism ruined many lives and families. Brought about the HUAC, The Hollywood Blacklist, FBI investigations, and the Red Scare

Who: US Government
What: The commercial meant for children/students about how to protect yourself from an atomic bomb
When: 1950s
Where:
His. Sig.: Means and common acceptance of dealing with the threat of atomic warfare in America

Who: FDR and Truman, soliders (white and male)
What: provided benefits for soldier returning from world war II, increase higher education, increase home ownership, received $20 a week for 52 weeks. Benefits: subsidies for higher education, low interest/no money down home loans, paid for a year to ease them into Civilian life
Where: US
When: 1944
Historical Significance: increase number of educated, home owner, and consumerism, increase inequality between white and black/ male and female, people didn’t want to sell to african americans because they were worried about property values. they could get the loan, but couldn’t get the loan. schools weren’t integrated yet.

Who: people from cities moved to suburbs in order to avoid the crowdedness of cities and the public life.
What:
When:
Where:Many residents of metropolitan regions work within the central urban area, choosing instead to live in satellite communities called suburbs and commute to work via automobile or mass transit.
HisSig: escalated racism towards African Americans in the suburbs and allowed Americans to have more privacy. The fundamental concept of the American Dream, owning your own home.

Who:
What: Supreme Allied Commander, Europe; NATO commander: great success in the army,
became President of Columbia University, Hero of WWII.
When: 1953-1961
Where: US
His. Sig: Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican, to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, and to crusade against “Communism, Korea and corruption.” He won by a landslide, defeating Democrat Adlai Stevensonand ending two decades of the New Deal Coalition. In the first year of his presidency Eisenhower deposed the leader of Iran in the 1953 Iranian coup d’etat, and used nuclear threats to conclude the Korean Warwith China. His New Lookpolicy of nuclear deterrencegave priority to inexpensivenuclear weapons while reducing the funding for conventional military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on the Soviet Unionand reduce federal deficits. In 1954 Eisenhower first articulated the Domino theoryin his description of the threat presented by the spread of communism.
“I like Ike”– Well-liked

Who: Governor
What: States’ rights, cold warrior; Adlai the appeaser. Democrat, Ran against Eisenhower in
1953, lost.
When:
Where:
His. Sig: Adlai was running on the platform of peace and appeasing the Soviets. He lost because the US was at war with the Soviets, and the people wanted a strong president like Eisenhower.

What: Anti-communism and Hiss case (1948-1952); “Checkers” speech (1952); Vice President (1953-1961); Campaign v. JFK (1960); Campaign vv. Brown (1962) The only president to resign office.
When: President 1969-1974
Where:
HisSig:Although Nixon initially escalated the war in Vietnam, he subsequently ended US involvement in 1973. his administration generally embraced policies thattransferred power from Washington to the states. Among other things, he initiated wars on cancer anddrugs, imposed wage and price controls, enforced desegregation of Southernschools and established theEnvironmental Protection Agency. He also used a policy called Vietnamization, a policy used to withdraw troops from Vietnam. This also meant that the South Vietnamese soldiers take more responsibility for the war.
WaterGate scandal!

What:With the advent of television, war hero and presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower, created forty twenty-second television spot commercials entitled, “Eisenhower Answers America” where he answered questions from “ordinary” citizens in an attempt to appear accessible to “the common man.” These questions were filmed in one day using visitors to Radio City Music Hall, who were filmed gazing up at Eisenhower as he answered questions about the Korean War, government corruption, and the state of the economy. When: 1952
Where:
HisSig:He didn’t have to shake a half a million hands or travel the country extensively. He won the trust of the American people with his direct approach and subsequently the Presidential election. His vice president was Richard M. Nixon.

Who:Eisenhower
What: Authorized 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles of roads. He believed it was eliminated unsafe roads, inefficient traffic routes, traffic jams.
When: June 29, 1956
Where: America
HisSig: Created America’s highway system.

Who: The car had a significant effect on the culture of the middle class.
What: Changes to access, convenience, infrastructure, goods distribution, and a cultural change of mode of transportation
When: 20th Century
Where: USA
HisSig: The advent of suburban society . Caused disconnected communities. Many people in developed countries have less contact with their neighbors and rarely walk unless they place a high value on exercise.[14]

Who: USA recruited German engineers
What:one purpose of Operation Paperclip was to deny German scientific knowledge and expertise to the USSR[1] and the UK[2] and to (divided) Germany itself.used the Osenberg List to compile his list of German scientists to be captured and interrogated;
When:1945
Where: Captured German scientists
HisSig:John Gimbel concludes that the U.S. put some of Germany’s best minds on ice for three years, therefore depriving the German recovery of their expertise

Who:German rocket scientist
What: a famous German rocket scientist captured by the Allies after WWII. He gave the Allies the tech behind the V2 rocket, and worked on America’s ICBM program. He was part of Operation Paperclip.
When:
Where:
HisSig:Part of Marshall Space Flight Center and helped created Apollo spacecraft.

Who:Soviet Union
What:First satellite to be put in Earth’s orbit.
When:October 4, 1957
Where:Outer Space
HisSig:Marked the start of the Space Race. Made Americans aware of how far behind the russians were in science and math. establishment of NASA and NDEA

Who: US and Soviet Union
What: Soviets have better missiles than us. the term used in the United States for the perceived disparity between the number and power of the weapons in the U.S.S.R. andU.S. ballistic missile arsenalsduring the Cold War.
When: 1957
Where:
HisSig:it is believed that the gap was known to be illusionary from the start, and was being used solely as a political tool. In 1958 Kennedy was gearing up for his Senate re-election campaign and seized the issue.

Who: US government
What: We need to spend money on weapons and encourage young people to get into the business of research and development of missiles etc, through educational programs. UC system
When: Sept. 2, 1958
Where:
HisSig:The act, therefore, was designed to fulfill two purposes. First, it was designed to provide the country with specific defense oriented personnel. This included providing federal help to foreign language scholars, area studies centers, and engineering students. Second it provided financial assistance—primarily through the National Defense Student Loan program—for thousands of students who would be part of the growing numbers enrolling at colleges and universities in the 1960s

What:in 1949, the Regents of the University of California adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees.
When: 1949
Where: UC Berkeley
HisSig: established the California Master Plan

Who: UC Regents and the State Board of Education
What: for higher education
When: 1960

Where:

HisSig:

Who: Richard Nixon
What: A televised speech delivered by Nixon as vice presidential candidate because of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for political expenses. He stated his intention to keep a gift, a dog named Checkers.
When: September 23, 1952
Where: Los Angeles, California
HisSig: Nixon retained on Republican ticket after receiving wave of public support.

Who: Lawyer, Cheif Counsel for the NAACP, Solicitor General, Supreme Court Justice
What: He was successful in arguing and winning the Brown vs. Board of Education. Advocate for Civil Rights
When: Lawyer (1935 to 1960), Solicitor General (1961-1967), Supreme Court Justice (1967-1991)
Where: U.S. Supreme Court
HisSig: Leading advocate for Civil Rights, First African-American to hold Solicitor General,

Who: Thurgood Marshal
What: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense Fund
When: February 12, 1909
Where:
HisSig: Continues, to this day, fighting for racial justice. In its beginnings targeted lynchings in the South.

Who: Supreme Court, Henry Billings Brown, Homer Plessy
What: A supreme Court Decision that causes seperate but equal in all things Black and
White.
When: 1896
Where: The South
HisSig: Upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of “separate but equal. Legally shows the willingness of the US for segregation. Was later overturned in Brown vs. Education.

What: a supreme court case that decided they couldn’t create a segregated law school because of “those qualities which are incapable of objective measurement but which make for greatness in a law school.”
When:1950
Where:
HisSig: they determined that segregation in a law school was bad because the African American school didn’t have the same alumni network, or textbooks that the white schools had

Who: The Supreme Court
What: Rejection of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision (communities could provide African Americans with separate facilities as long as the facilities were equal to those of whites). Declared the segregation of public schools on the basis of race unconstitutional
When: May 17, 1954 (decision)
Where: United States, Topeka, Kansas.
HisSig: Desegregation of public schools

Who: Supreme Court Justice
What: he was guaranteed the first open spot on the supreme court after he was out maneuvered for the presidency.
When:
Where: 1950s
HisSig:Brown v.Board of education the first case he heard as chief justice (he chairs the board, tells when people can talk and when they are done, and he has a considerable amount of power). He decided that there need to be uniformity in its decision. Their opinion was that education was the most important function of the state because it educates future jurors and voters. We also have to consider the intangibles in education, i.e. network possibilities. “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Who: Fair Employment Practices Committee, FDR
What: Requires that comapnies with government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin.
When: June 25, 1941
Where: US
HisSig: It was never enacted into law by Congress, but was generally successful in the North. In the South, hate strikes by angry white workers intervined. This also led to FDR requiring all government contracts have a non-discrimination clasue. Under Truman, anti-lynching legislation and the abolition of the poll tax under the permanent FEPC bill was filibustered by southern senators.

What: Leader in the African American civil-rights movement and labor movement. More importantly, head of the March on Washington where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have A Dream” speech.
When: 1963
Where: Washington D.C.
HisSig: Led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Was an advocate for Civil Disobedience. This led to Truman abolishing racial segregation in the Armed Forces.

Who: Black protestors
What: Through a form of non-violence, protestors would knowingly disobey laws without provoking any violence to resist unfair laws and practices (similar to the tactics used by Gandhi in Britain).
When: WW2 through Civil Rights Era
Where: South, DC, US
HisSig: This tactic was used by many African Americans against racial segregation in public utilities, restaurants, public transportation, etc. They would peacefully disobey given laws to protest against the unfair circumstances. This was one instrument crucial for the Civil Rights movement.

Who: 200,000 demonstrators, A. Phillip Randolph
What: Marched down the Mall in D.C. and gathered before the Lincoln Memorial for the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation’s history to that point.
When: August, 1963
Where: D.C.
HisSig: MLK’s I have a dream speech

Who: Johnson
What: Outlawed all major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women on a federal level. powers granted to the government to enforce this law were weak.
When: 2 July 1964
Where:
HisSig: required equal application of voting rules and procedures. outlawed all discrimination in public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce, denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion or national origin. “encouraged” desegregation of public schools. Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds. prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

Who: Congress, Johnson
What: Outlawed discriminatory voting practices
When: 1965
Where: U.S.
HisSig: Prohibits states from imposing any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting. This got rid of such practices as the literacy tests in order to register to vote. States could not implement any change that affected voting without first obtaining the approval of the Department of Justice. Considered one of the biggest legislation for equal treatment of Blacks and for the Civil Rights Movement.

Who: American Political Activist
What: Key member in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. Most notable for his speeches and “put your bodies upon the gears.”
When: Dec 2, 1964
Where: Sproul Hall, UC Berkeley
HisSig: Prominent leader in the Free Speech Movement. He was a supporter of racial justice and against the deepening American involvement in vietnam. This was to protest the university’s regulations that limited political speech and activities on campus. Led to the largest mass arrest in American history. Regulations were revised to allow for such demonstrations across the country.

Who: Dwight Eisenhower, JFK, Johnson, Nixon
What: If Vietnam shall fall because of Communist forces, Thailand will fall etc. Will cause a chain reaction.
When: 1954
Where: Indochina/Southeast Asia
HisSig: Made us stay in War we knew we couldn’t win in order to maintain strength in the fight against Communism

Who: first president of the Republic of South Vietnam after the french drew out of the country in 1954. backed by the US and Eisenhower administration
What: Religiously oppressive against Buddhists, let to the famous self immolation of a Buddhist monk. Assassinated in 1963 because of his oppressive regime and the religious protests that followed
When: 1955-1963
Where:
HisSig: His immensely unpopular regime helped garner support for the Communists and NLF. his secret police were one of the first to combat the NLF.

Who: US 2nd Air Division, Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force
What: This was a massive aerial bombardment campaign against the N. Vietnamese. The main objectives were the following:
1) Boost the morale of the Saigon Regime in the Republic of Vietnam
2) To persuade N. Vietnam to cease its support for the communist insurgency in S. Vietnam
3) To destroy N. Vietnam’s transportation system, industrial base, and air defenses
4) To stop the flow of mean and material into S. Vietnam
When: March 2, 1965 to Nov 2, 1968
Where: N. Vietnam
HisSig: Most intense air/ground battle waged during the Cold War period. The most difficult campaign waged since the bombardment of Germany in WWII. US faced many difficulties due to Cold War restraints and the support given to N. Vietnam by the Chinese and the Soviet Union.

Who: Johnson, Extended under Nixon and Ford
What: A set of domestic programs that would eliminate poverty and racial injustice.
When: Started in the 1960’s
Where: US
HisSig: This was a way that America could show the rest of the world that communism was not working and that the democratic and capitalist ways of the US would be the preferred choice. Major spending programs addressed education, medical care, urban problems and transportation. Also, the money spent on the Vietnam war was choking the Great Society. Many such programs as: Medicaid, Teacher Corps. Notable Acts: Wilderness Act, Endangered Species Preservation Act, National Trails System Act, Land and Water Conservation Act, National Environmental Policy Act

Who: Johnson
What: War on Poverty. Created several social programs to promote health, education and general welfare of the impoverished.
When: Aug 20, 1964
Where: US
HisSig: The idea was to boost the economic centers of the poorer parts of the country and bring the entire country to a boosted economic standard. This promoted and still acting programs like Head Start, Job Corps, and the welfare system.

Who: Lyndon Johnson
What: It’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality affordable homes for all. To strengthen the housing market to bolster the economy and protect consumers; meet the need for quality affordable rental homes; these communities would be free from discrimination.
When: Sep 9, 1965
Where: US
HisSig: This project helped build and increase the massive influx in suburbanization and urban development. Many large affordable apartment complexes were built in urban areas to help African Americans and poor Americans in general with housing. many of these places now are called projects. The suburbanization of America was at first complicated. Many White families did not want to live next to Black families and a mixture of ethnicities were far and few in between.

Who: Lyndon Johnson, elderly, young people with disabilities, people with end stage kidney failure
What: National social insurance program that guaranteed health insurance to those listed above
When: 1965
Where:
HisSig: Part of Johnson’s Great Society. One of the first socialized healthcare programs in the US.

Who: white police officer ( Lee Minikus) and african american protester (Marquette Frye)
What: In the midst of a traffic arrest, a white police officer struck a protesting african american bystander with his club. the incident triggered a storm of anger and a week of violence. Most serious race riot since the end of WWII. 34 people died.
When: 1965
Where: Watts, California
HisSig: A special Commission on Civil Disorders was created by the president in response to the race riots. Lots of money was spent to eliminate the abysmal conditions of the ghettos. Riots exposed need to stop violence.

Who: Daniel Moynihan: Sociologist and Senator
What: His report focused on the deep roots of Black poverty in America
When: 1965
Where: US
HisSig: He concluded that the absence of nuclear families (mother and father) would greatly hinder further progress toward economic and political equality. Single-mother families was not due to a lack of jobs but rather to a destructive vein in ghetto culture that could be traced back to slavery and Jim Crow Discrimination. This report states that systematically alienating black men would lead to vast increases in the number of female-headed households, high rates of poverty, low educational outcomes, inflated rates of abuse. He made a compelling argument for the provision of jobs, job programs, vocational training and educational programs for the Black community.

Who: Johnson, soldiers
What: 240k recruits. Mostly high school dropouts, way more likely to be sent to Vietnam. Under Project 100,000, the federal government reaches out to socialize the poor and African Americans by bring them into the army, 40% more likely to be sent to combat.
When: 1966-68
Where: US
HisSig: The recruitment of sub-standard soldiers was due to the need of soldiers in the Vietnam war. They could simply be stated as “Cannon Fodder”. These under educated and under qualified soldiers were allowed to slip through the cracks. This was enacted during the Selective Serviceman’s Act: Draft. Many have attested this to a reason why many civilians, POW’s and soldiers were killed in Vietnam war due to the soldiers inability to become good soldiers. Think of the Belknap book.

Who: N. Vietnamese, US soldiers
What: This was a surprise attack conducted by N. Vietnam. The targets of this attack was against military and civilian command and control centers throughout S. Vietnam.
When: Jan 30, 1968
Where: S. Vietnam
HisSig: There was to be no armed conflict during this time due to the Tet festivities (Lunar New Year). This was a 2 day cease fire. Largest Military operation up until this point. Though initially caught off guard, US and S. Vietnamese forces beat back 80K communist troops in a 2 to 4 month fight. This is considered a huge defeat for the N. Vietnamese, but shocked the US public. This led to much anti-war sentiment due to the ineffectiveness of the US troops to quickly when the war.

Who: RFK, JFK’s brother
What: He was a Democratic senator from New York and a noted civil rights activist. 1968 RFK began campaigning for presidency and was a front runner for the Democratic Party. Defeated Eugene McCarthy. Following a brief victory speech at the Ambassadors Hotel, RFK was shot by Sirhan Sirhan,a young palestinian who was enraged by some of the “pro-Israeli” remarks RFK said. Died shortly after the gunshot to the head. Hubert Humphrey was now the only real contender left as part as the Democratic party.
When: June 5th 1968
Where: Los Angeles
HisSig: After the assassination the mandate of the US Secret Service was altered by Congress to include Secret Service protection of US presidential candidates.Hubert Humphrey went on to become the Vice President.

Who:
What: Many riots had been occurring during this time due to the assassination of MJK and Kennedy. A violent riot between demonstrators and the Chicago PD broke out during this time.
When: Aug 26-29, 1968
Where: Chicago, Illinois
HisSig: This was a horrible showing for the Democrats. The riot was publicized in the mass media in which many journalists and reporters were caught in the middle. Pictures and video tape were taken of police brutally beating protesters and protestors fighting back.

What:16 years after the uses of television campaign ads. Repackaging of Nixon as a calm individual.

Who: Nixon
What: Win Vietnam by convincing the opposition that they are dealing with a madman who might just drop the bomb he is so crazy. Invasion of neighboring Cambodia
When: 1969-1974
Where: Vietnam
HisSig: Very few Americans approved of this War any longer. He used this policy to invade Cambodia to prove that he was mad. Americans were now fed up with the Vietnam war. This led to the War Powers Act.

Who: student protesters

What: Symbolizing the protest against Nixon’s decision to invade Cambodia without waiting for a decision from Congress. Fights between the protestors and the police officers. National guard comes in a day after protests began. National guard arranges on campus the next day. The day after, big protest on campus, national guard tells them they have to disburse. students don’t go, the national guard shoots students. Four students shot dead.
When: May 2, May 3, May 4, 1970
Where: Kent State (Ohio)

HisSig: no longer were the protester seen as just spoiled children of elites but working class opposition to the war, huge public outrage. the investigation of Nixon and resulting Watergate scandal were possibly a backlash to the Kent State massacre

Who: Nixon’s VP, even more hated than Nixon, if that is possible
What: plead no contest to charges of tax evasion in exchange for not being charged with bribery, and he eventually resigned.
When: Late Summer of 1973
Where: US
HisSig: He was the first Vice President to resign due to criminal charges. This also did not look good for the Nixon administration.

Who:
What: Confidential Vietnam War summary report is leaked. Stated that even the Pentagon did not think the US could be successful in Vietnam.
When: June 1971
Where:
HisSig: led to a decline in the government policies and led to the more public distrust in the government

Who: US government and NY times
What: Controversy over the publication of the pentagon papers
When: June 30, 1971
Where: US
HisSig: The NY times was able to publish the Pentagon Papers without being censored by the government.

Who:Nixon officials, nixon
What: Nixon officials break into the watergate hotel which is home of the democratic party headquarters. [In more detail: June 17, 1972: five men arrested for breaking in to democratic party headquarters at the Watergate hotel and shopping complex. One of these men was James McCord. June 23, 1972: president speaks with Haldeman. “They should call the FBI in and say that we wish for the country, ‘don’t go any further into this case’, period!” January 1973: Conviction of the burglars in the court of Judge John J “maximum John” Sirica. “I am still not satisfied that all the pertinent facts that might be available have been produced before an American Jury.”May, 1973: Senate Committee empaneled to investigate, hearings televised. July: Alexander Butterfield mentions taping system.]
When: 1972-1974
Where: US Washington DC Watergate Hotel
HS: Nixon resigned and Ford became president. War Powers Act. Independent Council Act.

Who: US citizens
What: The public can request information on the government
When: 1974
Where: US
HisSig: Able to get information from the government that wasn’t censored

Who: Ellott Richardson, attorney general, William Ruckeshaus, deputy attorney general, Archibald Cox, special prosecutor and Richard Nixon
What:Nixon orders Archibald Cox to make no further attempt to obtain memorandum of presidential affairs.Cox can’t do that because he is a prosecutor in this case. Nixon tells Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox, says he can’t and resigns. Next, Nixon tells William Ruckeshaus to fire Cox but he says he can’t do it and also resigns. Nixon tells the solicitor general of the United States, Robert Fork who agrees to fire Cox.
When: 10/19/73
Where: DC
HisSig: This was a gross abuse of presidential power. This, along with the Watergate Scandal, led to the impeachment plans for Nixon.

Who: Nixon and the US
What: Nixon charged with obstruction of justice in Watergate Scandal, for misuse of FBI, CIA, and IRS, and for violating the Constitution by resisting subpoenas.
When: July 1974
Where:
HisSig: These charges eventually led Nixon to resign from office. These charges also show corruption in government and lead to loss of faith in government. Creation of War Powers Act, Freedom of Info Act, and Independent Council Act, which diminished presidential power.

What: Nixon’s advisors put a group together to fix the “leaks” of information out of the White House, Broke into somebody’s (?) Psychiatrist’s office, Disbanded but a few of them moved to the committee to re elect Nixon and broke in to Watergate
When: 1971
HisSig: made it easier to label Nixon administration has criminal because of direct connection to the plumbers, and multiple break-ins, Watergate was not an isolated event for Tricky Dick

Who: Richard Nixon
What: states that President consult Congress prior to 48 hours before declaring a war and must withdraw soldiers within 60 days unless there is further authorization by congress or a declaration of war.
When: 7 November 1973
Where:
HisSig: curved the president’s power and gave more power to the Congress. No one wanted another Vietnam War where Johnson sent thousands of advisors and troops without notifying Congress.

Who: LBJ in 1966 signed the initial FOIA, and Gerald Ford signed the Privacy Act of 1974 that amended and strengthened the FOIA.
What: allowed the American public greater access to the federal government’s records.
When: 31 December 1974
Where:
HisSig: the public is no longer hidden from governmental corruption, such as the Watergate scandal. It is still hidden but is supposed to be provided when info is requested by the public but still able to be redacted.

Who: Jimmy Carter signed
What: to check government abuses of power and integrate public confidence in integrity of government.
When: 26 October 1978
Where:
HisSig: this act allows for a legal counsel outside of the jurisdiction of the executive branch (Justice Department) to investigate the president. A direct result of Saturday Night massacre and Nixon admin conduct and the reason why Clinton was indicted regarding the Lewinsky lying ordeal.

Who: Barry Goldwater first articulated this new platform in his 1964 bid for President
What: THe beginning of the christian conservative. The premise that the New Deal should be reversed to reduce the tax burden and reduce the size of government, oh but not the defense department. Roe v Wade and feminism is ruining the family. Environmetal and labor movements are hurting business in America
When: 1st 1955-1965; 2nd 1964-present
Where:
HisSig: THis is still what conservatives stand for and campaign on. Christians and Southern jumped on the bandwagon

Who: Ronald Reagan
What: Endorsement speech for Barry Goldwater’s Presidential campaign. Reagan appeared for the first time on the political stage with a well spoken and articulate Republican agenda message. Foreign bad, poor can’t be trusted, small gov’t
When: October 27,1964
Where: the speech online http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/timechoosing.html
HisSig: Got attention for Reagan and resulted in big business Californians endorsing him for governor

Who: Jimmy Carter
What: Inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows down, and unemployment remains high.
When: Nixon’s admin into Carter’s
Where: US
HisSig: Was used to swing the presidential election in 1976 and 1980 when Reagan blamed stagflation on Carter

What: Economic policy in which the federal government must take an active role in controlling the amount of money in circulation. this is supposed to influence national output in the short run and the price level over longer periods

Southern President, energy crisis;gasoline rations, deregulated airline and trucking industry,created the Dept of Education (Reagan killed it), Iran hostages

When: 39th President 1977-1981

Who: Reagan
What: cut taxes, increase in federal spending, cut food stamps
When: 1981
Where:
HisSig: low taxes and increase in federal spending eventually led to the federal debt. Increase in fed debt led to increase in interest rate, which further damaged the economy.

What: Economic Theory written on a napkin not proven but followed, If we collect less taxes then we should we will get more revenue then collecting at the peak of the curve, BS