question

Underground Railroad

answer

Network of secret routes used by southern slaves to escape to free north, helped hundreds of slaves escape, led by Harriet Tubman, led to establishment of Fugitive slave laws

question

Great White Society

answer

Blacks substandard, inferior, created for the fields, benevolent masters, minimal physical abuse

question

Slave life on plantation

answer

Worked 24/7, treated brutishly, forced obedience without questioning authority

question

Gabriel's Revolt

answer

Foiled slave rebellion, supposed to lead a charge on Richmond, Gabriel and 25 other slaves hanged, heightened whites fear of slave uprisings

question

Nat Turner's Rebellion

answer

Slave rebellion, slaves killed about 60 whites, caused panic amongst southern whites, new laws preventing slave assembly and education were passed

question

Harriet Tubman

answer

Escaped slave, Underground Railroad, helped hundreds of slaves to escape slavery

question

Sojourner Truth

answer

Escaped slave, women's rights, first woman to win a court case against a white man, recruited black troops for union army

question

Runaway Slaves

answer

Hundreds of slaves escaped, fugitive slave law passed, punished slaves and those who assisted

question

Frederick Douglass

answer

Escaped slave, abolitionist leader, incredible orator, Union recruiter during the war

question

The Creole

answer

People of mixed race, descendants of settlers that lived in French Louisiana

question

Great white society

answer

Racist south society, aristocrats

question

Southern Pro-slavery arguments

answer

Blacks inferior, made to work in fields, mortgaged slaves when in debt

question

Expansion of Cotton (King Cotton)

answer

Southern slogan, claimed cotton exports would make CSA economically prosperous, thought France and Britain would give support

question

George Fitzhugh

answer

Social theorist, pro-slavery, blacks needed slavery, voice of southern plantation folk

question

Amalgamation

answer

The merging, in a political sense, of two or more political entities like counties or districts

question

Mongrelization

answer

Mixing of races or ethnicities, interracial marriage or relations

question

Manifest Destiny (Pro's)

answer

God wanted us to expand, "sea to shining sea," more farmland

question

Manifest Destiny (Cons)

answer

More trouble with indians, slavery expansion, not constitutional

question

Settlement of Texas

answer

White settlers came after Louisiana purchase, Mexican revolution, independence, annexed as a slave state

question

Texas Vs Mexico

answer

Texas v Mexico for independence, Texas became its own nation, later annexed into the union as slave state

question

The Alamo

answer

Mexican siege on Texan fort, Texas lost, Mexico suffered heavy casualties, inspired Texan cause

question

Battle of Goliad

answer

Texans captured a Mexican post, attained much needed supplies, isolated Mexicans from getting more supplies

question

Battle of San Jacinto

answer

Texan army defeated Mexican army, Santa anna was captured, Mexico surrendered, Texas gained independence

question

Davie Crockett

answer

Soldier and politician from Tennessee, fought and died at the Alamo, American folk hero

question

Jim Bowie

answer

Texas militia man, leader of the Alamo, American folk hero

question

William Barrett Travis

answer

Chief recruiting officer in the Texas Army, commander at the Alamo, wrote "victory or death" letter

question

Sam Houston

answer

Major General of Texas' army, defeated Santa Anna, first president of the Republic of Texas, brought Texas into the Union

question

Santa Anna

answer

General of the Mexican army, came to recapture land for mexico, lost every battle, cost Mexico Texas

question

Texas Annexation

answer

slave state, negated all of Texas' debt, US provided protection against an angry Mexico

question

Joseph Smith

answer

Father of Mormonism, led religious revolution, church of Latter Day Saints is still very active

question

Brigham Young

answer

President church of Latter Day Saints, Salt Lake City, first governor of Utah territory, BYU, university of Utah

question

Election of 1844

answer

James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay

question

James Polk (accomplishments)

answer

Manifest destiny, reestablished independent treasury system, pro-slavery, started Mexican-American war to get Mexican lands

question

Oregon Boundary Dispute

answer

Britain and America held claims to land (Oregon), almost caused third war, agreed to compromise at 49th parallel

question

Mexican War (causes)

answer

Land dispute, Americans occupied the area, 16 Americans killed in Mexican skirmish, Polk declared American blood had been spilt on American soil, fueled congress to agree to war

question

Mexican War (Theaters of War)

answer

Texas, northern Mexico, Mexico City

question

Mexican War (Generals)

answer

Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Stephen watts Kearny, John D Sloat, William J. Worth

question

Mexican War (Polk's greatest fear)

answer

Thought Scott and Taylor would take his job

question

Mexican War (Whig positions)

answer

...

question

Spot resolutions

answer

Resolutions requested by Lincoln for Polk to provide evidence of where blood was spilt, challenged validity of Polk's claims, Whig party seem unpatriotic

question

Taylor's "Northern Mexico"

answer

Won first few battles even though he was outnumbered, took over Monterrey, war hero

question

Scott's "Central Mexico"

answer

Followed Cortés' route into Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna, took command of Mexico City, one of the most successful war campaigns

question

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

answer

treaty between US and Mexico, ended the war, US paid Mexico $15 million, US received California, (most of) New Mexico, and all other Mexican territories north of the rio grande

question

Mexican War (California)

answer

Expansionists wanted California for manifest destiny, prosperous ports on coast would open up trade with Asia

question

"All of Mexico" movement

answer

Advocates wanted America to take over all of Mexico, radical side of Manifest Destiny, ended by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

question

The Gadsden Purchase

answer

US purchased 30,000 square miles of modern day New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico, finalized Mexican border, land to be used for transcontinental railroad

question

The Donner Party

answer

American pioneers headed to California, got stuck in Nevadan mountains during winter, became cannibals to survive

question

California Gold Rush

answer

Gold discovered in California, population boom, emanate statehood, controversy over expansion of slavery exploded, a "free" California would cause south to lose the senate/congressional power

question

Railroads

answer

Huge growth starting in 1850, future of transportation, dream of Transcontinental RR pushed Stephen Douglas to fight for Kansas and Nebraska statehood

question

Whig party (1850's)

answer

Nominated General Zachary Taylor for president, Fillmore pushed the compromise of 1850 through congress but ended up causing the fracture of the party

question

Free Land, Free Labor, Free Men

answer

1856 slogan from Republican Party, anti-slavery, opposed plantation system that put small farmers out of business

question

Popular Sovereignty

answer

Proposed by Stephen Douglas, said local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide on slavery, led to the Bleeding Kansas conflict

question

The South's Spokesperson

answer

John C. Calhoun, denied that congress had any powers to prohibit slavery

question

William Lloyd Garrison

answer

Abolitionist, editor of The Liberator, wanted immediate emancipation of slaves, heavily influenced many northerners toward slave sentiment

question

Elijah Lovejoy

answer

Minister, abolitionist, murdered by a pro-slavery mob, was hailed as a martyr by abolitionists

question

Harriet Beecher Stowe

answer

Wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' extremely popular book about slavery, infuriated southerners, one of the most successful books in American history

question

Wendell Phillips

answer

Abolitionist, indicted for protecting a fugitive slave, defended the Confederate's right to secede

question

Fugitive Slave Law

answer

Part of the compromise of 1850, required escaped slaves to be returned to their masters, all citizens of free states had to cooperate, turned northerners further away from slavery

question

Grimke Sisters

answer

Southern-American Quakers, lectured in the north about their experiences with slavery on their family plantation, helped shed light on cruelty of slavery

question

Margaret Garner

answer

Black slave, killed her own daughter so that she did not have to return to slavery, huge news throughout country, played on by abolitionists

question

Women's Rights

answer

Movement began during and after civil war, women protested that if blacks could vote then so should women

question

Seneca Falls Convention

answer

First women's rights convention, organized by Elizabeth Stanton, discussed the social and civil rights of women

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

Abolitionist, social activist, declaration of sentiments, organized the forts women's rights movement

question

Lucretia Mott

answer

First president of the American equal rights association, feminist, mentor of elizabeth Cady Stanton

question

Susan B. Anthony

answer

women's rights movement leader, founded the national women's suffrage association, pushed for what would later be known as the 19th admendment

question

Solutions to Slavery (North)

answer

No expansion of slavery in any territory, extend Missouri compromise line to the pacific

question

Solutions to Slavery (South)

answer

Popular sovereignty, secession

question

Mexican Cession

answer

Name of the region ceded to the US by the treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

question

The Wilmot Proviso

answer

All Mexican land not open to slavery ever, wasn't about blacks, just didn't want the plantations to get all the good land

question

John C. Calhoun

answer

South's spokesperson, denied that congress had any powers to prohibit slavery

question

James Hammond

answer

Senator from South Carolina, "Cotton is King," said the country couldn't do without the South's cotton

question

Lewis Cass

answer

Presidential nominee, known as the leading spokesman of Popular Sovereignty

question

Popular Sovereignty

answer

Local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be permitted, led to bloodshed in the Bleeding Kansas conflict

question

The compromise of 1850

answer

California admitted as free state, slave trade prohibited in Washington DC, Fugitive Slave law enforced, Mexican session divided into territories w/popular sovereignty to decide on slavery issue

question

Zachary Taylor Plan

answer

Encamped in disputed territory in Texas to provoke Mexican attack, gave Polk a reason to declare war

question

Clay's Omnibus Bill

answer

California is a free state, New Mexico and Utah get popular sovereignty, no slave trade in Washington, D.C. Texas boundary adjusted, new fugitive slave laws, seen as a win for both sides

question

Stephen A Douglas

answer

Took over for Clay, separated the bill, gets all 5 bills passed, hailed as incredible politics, temporarily adverted war

question

William Henry Seward

answer

Dominant figure in the Republican Party, loyal member of Lincoln's cabinet, pivotal role in preventing foreign intervention in the civil war

question

Election of 1852

answer

Franklin pierce defeated Winfield scott, last Whig presidential candidate, Whig party fractured soon after

question

Franklin Pierce

answer

Democrat, general in Mexican American war, supported the Kansas Nebraska act and the Ostend Manifesto, regarded as one of the worst presidents in history

question

Winfield Scott

answer

Best General in Mexican-American War, longest active general, thought of the unions 'anaconda plan' that helped defeat the confederacy

question

Whig party fracture

answer

Destroyed over issue of slave expansion, became the Republican Party, 3rd political party system born

question

Fire Eaters

answer

Extreme southern nationalists, praised the dred Scott case decision, central voice that demanded secession

question

Ostend Manifesto

answer

Document that declared US should take Cuba, supported by expansionist, would be a slave state, never passed, effected by the Bleeding Kansas conflict/Spain wouldn't sell

question

William Walker

answer

Wanted to establish English speaking nations in Central America under his own command, became president of Nicaragua, killed by the Honduras government soon after takin power

question

Douglas and Railroad

answer

Introduced Kansas-Nebraska act so he could build a railroad, personal gain, caused the Bleeding Kansas conflict

question

Bleeding Kansas

answer

caused by Kansas-Nebraska act, slave holders from Missouri fought "free soil" forces over upcoming vote on the expansion of slavery for Kansas, popular sovereignty

question

Border Ruffians

answer

Proslavery activists, came from Missouri, fought for the acceptance of slavery, started bleeding Kansas conflict

question

Sack of Lawrence

answer

Border Ruffians attacked and pillaged Lawrence, Kansas, sparked Bleeding Kansas

question

3rd Political Party System

answer

Whig party fractured, Republican Party emerged, still in place today

question

Democrats vs Republicans

answer

Republicans-northerns who wanted to stop slave expansion, manufacturing Democrats- pro-slavery, minimal tariffs

question

Beecher's Bibles

answer

Name given to the rifles supplied to anti-slavery immigrants in Kansas during the Bleeding Kansas conflicts

question

John Brown

answer

Abolitionist, killed slaves supporters at Pattawatomie, led an unsuccessful slave rebellion at Harpers fairy, captured and hanged, believed he was a martyr for anti-slavery

question

Pottawatomie Massacre

answer

John Brown and his sons murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in the middle of the night, one of many bloody episodes in the Bleeding Kansas conflicts

question

Emergence of Lincoln

answer

debates with stephen Douglas brought him into limelight with Republican Party, Cooper Union speech, staunchly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

question

Election of 1856

answer

Democrat James Buchanan won

question

James Buchanan

answer

Democrat, worked on the Ostend manifesto, did nothing about the secession of South Carolina, one of the worst presidents of all time

question

John C. Fremont

answer

First republican nominee, first governor of California,

question

Sumner- Brooks Affair

answer

Charles Sumner gave scathing speech about South Carolina and Andrew Butler, Preston brooks (butlers nephew) beat the shit out of Sumner with his cane until he busted his head open, showed the hatred between northern and southern politicians

question

Roger Taney

answer

Supreme Court justice, slaveholder, delivered verdict on Dred Scott

question

Dred Scott decision

answer

Said slaves were not citizens of the US, no constitutional protection, declared Missouri compromise unconstitutional, slavery could exist anywhere, huge victory for the south

question

The Lemmon Case *

answer

states couldn't abolish slavery, slavery could be reimposed everywhere in the us

question

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

answer

Senatorial race in Illinois, highly publicized, mostly about the issue of slavery, put Lincoln on the Republican Party's radar

question

Raid on Harper's Fairy

answer

John brown tried to capture US military arsenal to arm a slave revolt, thwarted by Robert E. Lee and his men, Brown was tried and hanged, believed he was a martyr for anti-slavery

question

Lincoln's Cooper Union speech/tour

answer

Lincoln's powerful speech, standing ovation,became the Republican Party's front runner

question

Election of 1860

answer

Lincoln defeated Douglas and two others, right as 7 states declared secession, one of the most important elections in history

question

Election of 1860 (Lincoln)

answer

Republican

question

Election of 1860 (Douglas)

answer

Northern Democrat

question

Election of 1860 (John C. Breckinridge)

answer

Southern Democrat

question

Election of 1860 (John Bell)

answer

Constitutional Unionist

question

Jefferson Davis

answer

President of CSA, unable to gain recognition for any other countries, weak leader, micro-manager

question

Causes of Secession

answer

Election of 1860 effectively ended the South's power in congress, economic disparities, tension at climax, South's back against the wall

question

South Wanted:

answer

Southern Independence

question

North Wanted:

answer

Preserve the Union

question

Fort Sumter

answer

North refused to abandon fort, south bombarded the fort for hours, north had to surrender, began the civil war

question

Northern Advantages

answer

Population, Capital, manufacturing, Lincoln and cabinet, railroads, navy

question

Southern Advantages

answer

King Cotton, defensive war, home field advantage, better Generals

question

Union Strategy

answer

Anaconda Plan, surround and squeeze south, blockades on ports

question

Southern Strategy

answer

Start strong, get Britain and France to fight on their side

question

Battle Theaters

answer

East- Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania. West- Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky

question

First Bull Run

answer

Union army humiliated, bloodiest day in history at that point, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson a hero, discouraged idea of a short war

question

Liberty Party

answer

Took votes away from Clay, arguably caused him to lose the election to James K Polk

question

Northern Generals

answer

McDowell, McClellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, Grant

question

Southern Generals

answer

Robert. E Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, Joseph E. Johnston

question

Battle of Antietam

answer

Bloodiest day in US history, McClellan vs Lee, Finds Lee's orders #191, does nothing with 25,000 reserved troops, piecemeal attacks fatal, Lee escapes, McClellan fired, had south suceeded, Britain and fance would have recognized the south

question

George McClellan

answer

Northern General, pro-slavery, insubordinate, didn't want to fight, gave Lincoln BS excuses for futility, fired after Antietam

question

Ulysses S Grant

answer

Union general in the west, wins every battle he fights in the war, best union general, Lincoln's answered prayer

question

William Tecumseh Sherman

answer

Union general, engaged total war on the confederate states, burned 300 miles of land on his way to victory in Atlanta, devastating for the south

question

USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia

answer

First battle with ironclads, revolutionized naval warfare, wooden ships from then on rendered useless

question

Union army twice the size of the south

answer

...

question

David Glasgow Farragut

answer

Union naval hero, got passed southern port defenses, took over New Orleans, the South's largest cotton port

question

CSS Hunley

answer

Submarine built by the south, didn't work, sank, those aboard drowned

question

Robert E. Lee

answer

Lead the Confederate army, one of the best military leaders in US history, numerous victories against the north despite being largely outnumbered, surrendered to Grant to end the war

question

Bloody Lane

answer

Bunkers built by south, union attacked, almost a total massacre

question

Clara Barton

answer

Pioneer union nurse, founded the American Red Cross, provided medical service for injured troops throughout the entire war

question

Battle of Antietam Result

answer

Claimed as northern victory, used by Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation, he argued freeing slaves would help union win, military necessity, only freed slaves in confederate states, for union and liberty

question

Battle of Fredericksburg

answer

Lee vs Burnsides, huge confederate victory, union very heavy casualties, frontal assault failure, Lee goes north to get recognition from Fr. And Br.

question

Battle of Chancellorsville

answer

Lee and Jackson vs Hooker, confederate victory, gave south the confidence to move into the north, stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded in battle, huge loss for the south

question

Stonewall Jackson's Death

answer

Shot by his own men at the battle of Chancellorsville, had to amputate his arm, died of pneumonia a week later, terrible for southern morale

question

Battle of Gettysburg

answer

Meade vs Lee, union win, josh chamberlain saves the day, turning point in war, ended southern attempt to invade

question

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

answer

Volunteer in union army, promoted all the way to brigadier general, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism at the battle of Gettysburg, held off confederate flank

question

Gettysburg Address

answer

Lincoln's speech following at Gettysburg about human equality and freedom for all people, "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth"

question

Battle of Vicksburg

answer

Grant vs Pemberton, decisive union victory, gave union control of the Mississippi, allowed north to "squeeze" the south

question

Ft. Pillow Massacre

answer

confederates surrounded union fort, Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest ordered the massacre of 300 black soldiers, outraged the north

question

Grant rolls, brought to Lincoln's attention, brings him to eastern front

answer

...

question

Overland Campaign

answer

Lee vs Grant, decided the war, several battles ending in draws, huge casualties, lee eventually forced into Petersburg

question

Battle of Petersburg

answer

General Lee's last stand, last 10 months, trench warfare, union cut off supplies, lee forced to surrender

question

Sherman's March to the Sea

answer

Total war, union army raped, pillaged, and murdered civilians as they burned 300 miles of land on the way to Atlanta, news traveled north, Lincoln praised

question

South Surrenders

answer

Lee surrendered to Grant, effectively ended the war, south left in ruins

question

13th Amendment

answer

Abolished slavery, barely passed, had it not, slavery might have been reinforced in the south

question

Tariff of Abominations

answer

protected industry in the north, named by south because of the negative effects it had on southern economy

question

John Tyler

answer

Inherited Presidency, annexed Texas as a state by simple resolution

question

Emancipation Proclamation

answer

Freed slaves in confederate states, military necessity, Liberty and union

question

Death Toll- 633,000

answer

...

question

Northern weakness

answer

Generals were shitty, insubordinate, incompetent

question

Compact Thoery

answer

Nation was formed through compact agreed on by all states

question

Right of Secession

answer

Southern claimed they weren't being represented, no bloodshed if allowed to leave, should be voted on by states

question

War aims

answer

South- secure independence, end political oppression from north, establish credibility as a nation with Britain and France North- Preserve the union, keep war as short as possible, end expansion of slavery

question

King Corn v King Cotton

answer

North- have corn industry grow and compete with cotton industry South- use cotton to draw in foreign allies

question

Union Blockade

answer

Closed down southern ports, halted trade, prevented transportation of southern supplies, part of anaconda plan

question

Manpower

answer

Union army roughly double the size of the South's, north had constant reinforcement, 179000 blacks enlisted for the north

question

Gen. Ervin McDowell

answer

Northern general, humiliated at first bull run, fired soon after

question

1861-1862 Army of Potomac does nothing

answer

...

question

Albert Sydney Johnston

answer

Top southern general at the start of war, killed at Shiloh, Robert E. Lee emerged as leader of south

question

Peninsula Campaign

answer

McClellan Vs Lee, union disaster

question

Second Battle of Bull Run

answer

Southern offensive/victory, stonewall Jackson a hero, heavy union casualties, union retreat

question

Election of 1864

answer

McClellan Vs Lincoln, Lincoln saved by Sherman's march to the sea/ burning of Atlanta, wins reelection

question

54th Massachusetts

answer

First official African American unit, recruited free slaves, led by Robert shaw

question

The West

answer

Grant takes over, victories at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge

question

Andersonville Prison

answer

Confederate POW camp, horrific mistreatment, commander Henry Wirz tried and hanged for war crimes

question

Black Status after the war

answer

No place in society, black codes enforced, hardly better off than before

question

Lincoln embraced by blacks in Richmond

answer

...

question

Post-war Reconstruction

answer

10% of voters loyalty oath, Ratify 13th amendment, pardons, no black vote, no land confiscation, radicals outraged

question

Lincoln assassinated by john Wilkes booth in fords theatre

answer

...

question

Harsh reconstruction of south

answer

Richmond, Atlanta, and Columbia destroyed, economy in ruins, Freeman's bureau established to help rebuild

question

Rise of big industry and robber Barron's, immigration, labor unions, and urban America

answer

Carnegie, Rockefeller, jay Gould, JP Morgan, Phillip armour

question

War caused-

answer

Destroyed slavery, power shift from south to north, shaped modern America, industrial growth, strengthened gov.

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