History 108 Science and Technology in World History ID’s and Essays – Flashcards

Telos or a teleological observation is an account of a certain things main purpose for existing. Epistêmê is the Greek word most often translated as knowledge, while technê is translated as either craft or art. More of a look at the difference between the domain of knowledge with episteme and the practice of knowledge with techne. It shows the contrast of pure knowledge and experience based knowledge

is an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given local latitude and vice versa, surveying, triangulation, and to cast horoscopes. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and Renaissance for all these purposes

was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. The House of Wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid. his son al-Ma'mun (reigned 813-833) who is credited with its formal institution. translating books into Arabic and preserving them, scholars associated with the House of Wisdom also made many remarkable original contributions to diverse fields including: Math medicine science and many other fields

The intelligible method is thought thinking itself, or the human mind reflecting on itself. Plato referred to the intelligible realm of mathematics, forms, first principles, logical deduction, and the dialectical method. The intelligible realm of thought thinking about thought does not necessarily require any visual images, sensual impressions, and material causes for the contents of mind. Descartes referred to this method of thought thinking about itself, without the possible illusions of the senses. Kant made similar claims about a priori knowledge. A priori knowledge is claimed to be independent of the content of experience.

It sought to make traditional logic more useful for developing scientific and technological knowledge. Science = power over people Science does practical things people want Prestige of science comes from its utility Science need not be true to be useful Examples: electrical theory of the aether Newtonian mechanics Humoral and Miasma theories of disease

knowledge or study is "the workings of nature". Natural philosophy pertains to the work of analysis and synthesis of common experience and argumentation to explain or describe nature. seeks to explore the cosmos by any means necessary to understand the universe. René Descartes' metaphysical system of Cartesian Dualism describes two kinds of substance: matter and mind. According to this system, everything that is "matter" is deterministic and natural—and so belongs to natural philosophy—and everything that is "mind" is volitional and non-natural, and falls outside the domain of philosophy of nature

or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Nicolaus Copernicus, leading to the Copernican Revolution. In the following century, Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits, and supporting observations made using a telescope were presented by Galileo Galilei.

is the belief that the sun, the planets and all the stars revolve around the Earth. You can thank the Old Testament for the lingering belief in this one. It has at least four verses claiming that the earth "cannot be moved," and one stating that the sun goes around the earth. Ptolemy's almagest embodies this

In the Hipparchian and Ptolemaic systems of astronomy, the epicycle (literally: on the circle in Greek) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets. In particular it explained the apparent retrograde motion of the five planets known at the time. Secondarily, it also explained changes in the apparent distances of the planets from Earth.

a Tuscan banking family that grew to prominence in the Renaissance.

Europe's largest industrial complex of the time - important for Venetian naval power and merchant fleet.

credited to Hans Lippershey (1570-1619)a German/Dutch lens maker of the Netherlands.

the dominant political entity of Renaissance Italy - small republics with specific cities at their hearts.

The support given by the patrons or people invested one way or another in ones work. Patronage is what makes or breaks a philosophers or scientists work. Without support from patrons whether it be money or ideological support saying they agree with a certain persons work, that work can go unseen for years until otherwise proven.

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. rise of experimental science. Aristotelian era

Most important practitioner of taxonomy in natural history by the 18th century. Swedish physician. His work reveals the interweaving of he natural-philosophical and the instrumental, or operational , threads that were coming to characterize modern science. Hierarchical groups are still discussed because of him. ( Genus, Family, etc.)

sanguineous, phlegm, bilious, atrabilious

was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

English mathematician who uncovered the mechanical laws of motion and attraction that govern objects both on earth and in the heavens and described the laws of gravity. Wrote Principia Mathematica (1687) about giving way to roadmap of physics and applied mathematics during the scientific revolution. Admitted to Trinity College (Cambridge) at age 18 (scholarship but had to work) Descartes' Geometry (Cartesian math) Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

an Italian scientist who observed (with a telescope) that other planets had their own moons orbiting them. Wrote "starry messenger" in 1610 about his observations of the moon and that there were four moons orbiting around Jupiter.

The Enlightenment is a philosophical movement that shunned tradition for the sake of new knowledge and understanding. It is an outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution - those who took part of it were usually secularists who saw organized religions and monarchical legacies as a barrier on the path to a better humanity. The Enlightenment mainly occurred in France, Germany, and Great Britain. late 17th century to early 19th century. (From Newton to the Industrial Revolution)

The ancient Greeks laid the foundation to the breakthroughs of science and technology. They were very limited with resources and technology in a sense that they just did not have those ideas yet. It isn't that they didn't have the opportunity to obtain some or most of the resources needed but that they didn't have a base standard to start out with. There were some resources that they could not acquire because clearly the world needed to evolve before they could get there. Almost every major yscientific and technological advancement can be traced back in some lineage to the ancient Greeks. The philosophers from this age including Aristotle, Plato, and Archimedes were limited in their resources yes but not in their mind. With little background to any of the subjects and objects they created they used innovation and curiosity to make up for what lacked. With a solid foundation discovering simple mathematics and creating simple calculators (simple in function, not simple in design) they created a base layer for future philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists to expand off. The most basic of inventions and innovations are what lead to the most advanced. To create something spectacular there must first be something simple to improve upon. Such an example of this evolutionary type of learning could come from the Greek philosophers themselves. They improved and competed upon each other to create and develop better and more concrete ideas. Pythagoras with the Pythagorean theorem and Aristotle following suit after Plato. Based off of recent and ancient history, the most efficient way of developing results in my opinion is simple competition. Anyone who wanted to make a name for them self competed with somebody else to get there.

Copernicus stuff- Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) Goldsmith in Mainz (Germany), Books became much cheaper. Handwritten books cost as much as a farm

The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. The scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. This was a process more inclined towards an evolution rather than a revolution. It was more of sweeping away the old and applying the new.