Historical Psych Midterm – Flashcards

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Modern psychology shares what characteristic with ancient Greek philosophy?
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An interest in the same kinds of questions about human nature.
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The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of____
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philosophy and physiology
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the historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because why?
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many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century.
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The contextual forces in psychology deal with the____
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social, economic, and political factors that influenced the field.
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Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology they still encountered many barriers to their success such as ____
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barred from laboratory facilities, prevented from using graduate library facilities, unable to eat in graduate cafeterias.
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"The man makes the times" reflects which view of history?
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personalistic
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the stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called____
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preparadigmatic
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In contrast to the events that are studies in science, historical events cannot be____
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repeated
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The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed. In each case, ____ was the consequence.
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a new school of thought.
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According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because____
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helps us understand why modern psychology has so many different movements, helps integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology, provides a fascinating story on its own.
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The Zeitgeist of 17th to 19th century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____
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mechanism
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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____
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reductionism
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Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate___
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science from the stranglehold of theology.
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According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____
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where mind and body interact.
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The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____
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positivism
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The belief that all things can be described in physical terms is ___
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materialism
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What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?
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All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.
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"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceive of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____
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Berkely
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Hartley argued that the human brain and nervous system transmitted impulses ____
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with nerve vibrations
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The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____
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John Stuart Mill
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Bessel began the study of individual differences in perception by noting that_____
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astronomers differed in their time estimates in measuring the transit of a star.
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The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the ____
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extirpation method
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_____ produced the theory of cranioscopy.
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Gall
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The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th century reliance on ____
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mechanism
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The "publish or perish" ethic, which is a hallmark of the most prestigious U.S. research universities and colleges, is a direct descendant of the 19th century _____ universities.
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German
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Helmholtz emphasized a _____ approach.
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mechanistic and deterministic
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Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?
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Ernst Weber
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The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of____
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the differential threshold
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Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____
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quantification of the mind-body relationship
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How did the British empiricists (BritE) and the German physiologists (GerP) differ in their approach to the study of the senses?
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The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.
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In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29 year old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____
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not pay attention to two things at once
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Wundt's system is most accurately called ____.
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experimental psychology
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the cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ___.
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examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals.
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Wundt's term 'voluntarism' reflects his emphasis on the ____.
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power of the will to organize the contents of the mind.
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What are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings?
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pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression
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What is NOT a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology?
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Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work.
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This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____
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Brentano
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Which method is defined as "the examination of experience as it occurred without any attempt to reduce experience to elementary components."
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Phenomenology
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Kulpe's identification of nonsensory aspects or contents of consciousness refuted Wundt's ____
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contention that the sole mental elements were sensations or images.
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Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of____
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formality
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One of the main reasons that Tichener's though was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener____
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translated Wundt's books from German into English
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Of the 56 doctoral degrees Titchener conferred, what percentage were given to women?
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more than a third.
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In the Original Source Material from A Textbook of Psychology, Titchener described the difference between ____
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independent and dependent experience.
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The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____.
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mind
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The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____
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use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers.
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Titchner's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ___.
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one; pleasure/displeasure
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The criticisms directed at the method of introspection are more relevant to the kind of introspection practiced by ___ than by ____.
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Titchener and Kulpe; Wundt
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In terms of describing the method of introspection, Titchener ____.
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had difficulty defining exactly what he meant.
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What statement is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology?
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Several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method.
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The ____ ask, , "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?"
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structuralists;functionalists
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Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____
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hard data to support such a theory
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____ is the preeminent book of Darwin's theory of evolution, which details the evolution of humans from lower forms of life.
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On the Origin of Species
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In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ___
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the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution
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Today, our acceptance that the study of the individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work?
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Galton
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Galton's Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____.
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a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring.
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Who was the first to show that human mental characteristics followed a normal distribution?
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Galton
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The notion that there is continuity of consciousness and cognitive processes between animals and humans was suggested and/or demonstrated by____
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Darwin's evidence
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The work of Romanes was especially flawed because of his ____.
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use of the anecdotal method.
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The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____.
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make comparative psychology more scientific.
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Spencer developed synthetic philosophy, which was an attempt to ____
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use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development.
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"The nasty little science" was James's label for ___
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psychology
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William James used the term "stream of consciousness" to indicate ____.
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that the changing nature of consciousness prevents its analysis into mental elements.
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The basic tenet of ___ is that the validity of an idea or conception must be tested by its practical consequences.
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pragmatism
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The idea that men show a wider range of variations in physical and mental development than women and that the abilities of women are more clustered about the average is a definition of the ____
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variability hypothesis
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Consistent with contemporary research on sex differences, Woolley found that ____.
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there were no sex differences in mental intelligence.
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The theory that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race is known as the ___ theory, proposed by ___.
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recapitulation;Hall
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Dewey's analysis of ___ was the work that most keenly protested structuralism.
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the reflex arc
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Who guided functionalism into becoming a formal school by giving it the focus and stature to earn respect in the scientific community?
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Angell
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Woodworth's psychology was distinct from the Chicago school in his___
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emphasis on the physiological correlates of behavior.
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