Health Science 101 midterm #2 – Flashcards
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are you responsible for what you eat?
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yes
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carbohydrates
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primary fuel source of function
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simple carbohydrates
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monosaccharides (sugar) and disaccharide (table sugar)
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complex carbohydrates
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polysaccharides
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polysaccharides
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starch, and fiber, glycogen
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is insoluble good or bad for digestion
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good
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fat
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we store fat in our body called adipose tissue
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dietary fats
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triglycerides
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saturated fats
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all of the carbons are fully saturated with hydrogens
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unsaturated fats
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1 double bond between the carbons
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saturated fats are what are room temperature?
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solid
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butter, lard, fat not cooked, coconut oil and palm oil are examples of what?
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saturated fats
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unsaturated fats are what at room temperature?
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liquid
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avocado and corn oil margarine are examples of what?
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unsaturated fats
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hydrogenation
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process where they take the liquid and turn it into a more solid form
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trans fatty acid
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margarines, cooking oil
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cholesterol
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found in saturated fat that has come from animal sources
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total cholesterol
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total cholesterol needs to be under 200
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low density lipoprotein
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LDL, we don't want this to be low
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high density lipoprotein
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HDL, we want this one; it is good for us, needs to be more than 40
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protein
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building blocks of the body
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fat soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, K
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water soluble vitamins
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B's, C
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does vitamin C treat the common cold
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no, it is an acid that eats away at your tooth
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calcium
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need to consume 1000 mg/day
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sodium
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need to have less than 2300 mg/day
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RDA
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recommended dietary allowance
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whole milk
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half of it is fat
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2% milk
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1/3 fat
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1% milk
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15% fat
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nonfat milk
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no fat "white water"
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physical fitness
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is the ability of the body to respond to the demands of physical effort
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frequency
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how often do i do it
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duration
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how long do i do it
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intensity
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how hard do i work
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5 components of fitness
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cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition
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cardiorespiratory endurance
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(aerobic fitness) major muscle groups; heart, circulatory system, respiratory system
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muscular strength
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the maximum of force a muscle can produce in a single effort
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muscular endurance
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the ability of the muscle to sustain an activity over time
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flexibility
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the ability of a joint to move through its entire range of motion without pain
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body composition
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amount of fat adipose tissue verses non fat tissue in your body
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amino acids
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primary function- growth maintenance and repair
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weight management
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calories in vs calories out
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overweight
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over healthy weight
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obese
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seriously overweight
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risk factors of being obese
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heart disease, low self esteem, depression, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, joint an back pain, some cancers
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reasons why people are obese
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lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, genetics, and medical condition
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body image
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mental picture of your body based on your perspectives, attitudes, emotions and thoughts
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5 categories for losing weight
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do it yourself, using diet books or guides, supplements, weight loss programs, clinical weight loss programs
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1lb of fat we have to burn = __kcal
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3500 kcal
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body dysmorphic disorder
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obsessed with their appearance and how they look
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eating disorders
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anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating
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anorexia nervosa
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intense fear o f gaining weight, distorted body image, very low calorie diet, works out from guilt of eating
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bulimia nervosa
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eating and then purging (getting rid of food), vomiting, easily hidden, dentist would be first to know
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binge eating
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over eating, eating when not hungry, eating when to full or large portions of food
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distorted use of food
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rewards and punishments with food
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cardiovascular disease
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disease of the heart and circulatory system
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#1 cause of death in the nation
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cardiovascular disease
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what set of arteries does the heart get its blood from ?
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the coronary arteries
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uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
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1. age 2. gender 3. heredity
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six factors you can control for cardiovascular disease
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smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes
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four things that may increase risk for cardiovascular disease (you can control this)
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high triglycerides, stress and anger, severe depression, isolation and low economic status
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systolic
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blood pressure of the contraction phase of the heart
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diastolic
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the relaxation phase of the heart
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hypertension
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high blood pressure; leads to an increase risk in heart attack and stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, and blindness
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2 treatments of hypertension
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life style changes, prescription medication
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atherosclerosis
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the slow progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries
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how do plaques form?
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they build up on the artery walls narrowing and decreasing elasticity, restricting blood flow and increasing clots to block the artery
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heart attack
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myocardial infarction (MI); damage or death of heart tissue caused by decreased blood flow in the coronary artery
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angina pectoris
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the severe pain felt when the heart does not have enough oxygen
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arrhythmia
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an irregular heartbeat and can cause death
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5 early signs of heart attack
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1. chest pain 2. difficulty breathing 3. nausea 4. sweating 5. dizziness
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what 2 surgical procedures are performed to treat heart disease
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angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery
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angioplasty
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a balloon catheter is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to enlarge the artery
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coronary bypass surgery
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a vain is grafted onto the artery to reroute the blood around the blockage
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2 major types of stroke
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ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke
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ischemic stroke
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a block blood vessel in the brain causing tissue death
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hemorrhagic stroke
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cerebral blood vessel burst; in the brain
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3 signs of a stroke
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dizziness, sensory loss, weakness or numbness in the arm or leg
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1 type of heart disease
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congestive heart failure
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congestive heart failure
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the heart is unable to pump blood effectively resulting in swelling, difficulty breathing and death
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cancer
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the 2nd leading cause of death in the US
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what is cancer?
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uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
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tumor
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a mass of tissue that serves no propose
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2 types of tumors
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malignant and benign
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malignant
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cancerous and can spread
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benign
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not cancerous and no danger unless it interferes with body function
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metastasis
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the cancer cells can spread to the other ares of the body
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2 ways metastasis can occur
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lymphatic system and blood vessels
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4 common classes of malignant tumors
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carcinoma, lymphomas, sarcomas, and leukemias
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carcinoma
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epithelial tissue (skin, breast, prostate and lungs)
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sarcomas
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connected or fibrous tissues (muscle, cartilage)
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lymphomas
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the lymphatic system (immune system)
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leukemias
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cancer of the blood or blood forming cells
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mutagen
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an environmental agent which causes damage in the cells ability to replicate properly
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how can gene mutation cause cancer?
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mutation can cause a normal cell to convert to a cancer cell
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3 examples of mutagens
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radiation, asbestos, viruses
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carcinogen
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is a mutation which causes cancer
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3 examples of a carcinogen
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UV radiation, tobacco smoke, x-ray radiation, and tanning beds
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oncongene
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usually a doormat gene that if activated can cause cancer; by age, stress and carcinomas
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suppressor gene
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when undamaged these gens help control cellular growth
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cancer promoter
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does not directly cause cancer but it provides a situation for an increased opportunity for cancer to develop
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2 dietary compounds that may contribute to cancer
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high fat diet, and high red meat diet
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6 dietary compounds that may help prevent cancer
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fiber, anti-oxygenate vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids, resveratrol, flavonoids, capsaicin
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4 most common types of cancer
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1. lung cancer 2. colon and rectum cancer 3. breast cancer 4. prostate cancer
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lung cancer risk factors
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smoking
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colon and rectum cancer risk factors
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heredity, obesity, high red meat diet, and age
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breast cancer risk factors
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heredity, early menstruation, late menopause, and obesity
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prostate cancer risk factors
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being black, high fat diet and low fiber diet
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2 other types of cancer
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testicular and cervical
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skin cancer risk factors
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heredity, severe sunburn as a child, light haired, light skin and light eyed people
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ways to detect skin cancer
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1. asymmetry 2. borders 3. color 4. diameter
