Health Psychology Exam 3 – Flashcards

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a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
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cardiovascular disease
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Types of CVD (2)
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coronary, cerebrovascular
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Many CVDs are ___________, meaning that they occur due to factors that are within our control.
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preventable
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Deposits of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances (called __________) that line the arteries indicate a condition called ______________.
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plaque, atherosclerosis
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Plaque narrows passageway of arteries which leads to reduced __________________
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blood flow
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Usually, plaque buildup in arteries is due to ________ choices
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diet
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Reduced blood flow causes chest pain and shortness of breath (angina) and heart attacks (myocardial infarction) describes _______________________
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coronary heart disease
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scientific name for a heart attack
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myocardial infarction
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___________________ is caused by ventricular fibrillation
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cardiac arrest
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__________________________ is an abnormal heart rhythm
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ventricular fibrillation
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Abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the heart fails to pump blood to organs.
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cardiac arrest
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squeezing, tightness, or pain in the chest, usually caused by CVD
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Angina pectoris
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____________________ is a warning sign that sometimes occurs prior to a heart attack, indicating that the heart muscle is not getting an adequate blood supply or oxygen
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angina pectoris
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Treatments for cardiac arrest (2)
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AED, CPR
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This device sends electrical charge to the heart that is meant to restart the regular circulation process
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AED (automated external defibrillator)
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True or false: it is possible for someone to have a heart attack and not know it.
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True
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Coronary heart/ artery disease is more prevalent in men at every age group except in ____________ individuals, where it is nearly even.
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younger
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Risk for coronary heart disease _____________ with age.
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increases
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The average age for first heart attack
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65
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Between 4-10% of heart attacks occur before the age of ____, mostly in ______ (sex)
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45, men
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80% of "young" heart attacks (before age 45)
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atherosclerosis
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Fatty streaks from atherosclerosis is identifiable in arteries as early as age 15.
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15
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Incidence of myocardial infarction: Highest in ______________ and lowest in _____________.
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black men, white women
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________ is a type of cerebrovascular disease that affects the vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the brain.
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stroke
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This type of stroke involves the interruption of blood flow to the brain
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ischemic
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__________ strokes are more common and account for ~80% of strokes.
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ischemic
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________ strokes occur when a blood vessel to the brain ruptures.
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hemorrhagic
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This type of stroke has a higher mortality rate.
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hemorrhagic
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The incidence rate of _______________ stroke has remained stable and the rate of ___________ stroke has decreased.
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hemorrhagic, ischemic
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A study said that _____________ neurons die each minute when oxygen does not reach the brain.
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2 million
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Stroke/ transient ischemic attack is most common in _____________ and is second-most common in ____________. (include race and gender)
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black males, black women
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______ is a shockingly high factor in risk for stroke.
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Race
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___________________________ is a phenomenon where BP increases briefly due to frustration; higher incidence is seen in African American communities
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cardiovascular reactivity
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True or false: 82% of people who die from coronary heart disease are 65 or older
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True
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In which gender does CVD tend to develop later in life but have worse outcomes?
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Female
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More ___________ (women/ men) die within 1 year of having a heart attack
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Women
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6 main risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease
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high cholesterol, high blood pressure, low HDL, smoking, obesity, diabetes
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The ______________________ concluded that a man who is free of all 6 CVD risk factors has a remarkably low 5% risk of developing CVD by age 95
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Framington Heart study
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True or false: Having a prior event of stroke makes it less likely that another one will occur
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False
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________________ is a disease that is characterized by high blood pressure.
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hypertension
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True or false: multiple measures of BP should be taken before diagnosing high BP
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True
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A normal, healthy reading for systolic and diastolic BP is ____ / ___.
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120, 80
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True or false: It is possible for hypertension to go undetected; someone can suffer from hypertension without knowing
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True
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The "silent killer" is sometimes a term used to describe _________________ because it can go undetected.
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Hypertension
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Types of hypertension (2)
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primary, secondary
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In __________ hypertension, there is no specific/ identifiable cause; could be a combination of lifestyle and genetics
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Primary
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In ___________ hypertension, the cause is another underlying health issue
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secondary
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In young adults ~20 years of age, _______ have a higher prevalence of hypertension. (This is ALSO true for OLDER women)
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women
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___________________________ describes a phenomenon where the stress of going to the doctor causes an increase in BP while you are there, but BP is normal at home
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white coat hypertension
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True or false: white coat hypertension may affect as many as 1 in 8 adults over the age of 50.
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False (1 in 3 adults)
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People with a ___________ personality may be more likely to have CVD, due to the associated hostility and anger
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Type A
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_____________ is the single most preventable risk factor for heart disease.
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smoking
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True or false: A large percent of the population, 59%, is not physically active.
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True
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____________________ is the CVD risk factor that affects the largest percentage of the population.
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physical inactivity
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___________________ is ranked #1 for mortality of Americans.
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Heart disease
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34% of all deaths in the US are from _________.
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CVD
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40% of all nations have a greater burden of ________ compared to heart disease.
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stroke
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___________ describes a large group of diseases (over 200 types) characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
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Cancer
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Cancer is a __________ disease (a disease of DNA) ***Do not confuse with hereditarity
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genetic
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A _____________ disease is one that is passed from parents to a child through the inheritance of a defective gene.
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hereditary
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All cancers are ___________, meaning that they result from the unnatural function of one or more genes.
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genetic
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True or false: cancer cells reproduce every 2 - 6 weeks.
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True
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____________ (#) cancer cells are the size of the head of a pin.
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1 million
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__________ (#) cancer cells are the size of a small grape.
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1 billion
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True or false: A person usually has cancer for several years before they know.
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True
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___________ is a term that describes a tumor that is not cancerous; the tumor grows only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
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benign
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_____________ is a term that describes a cancerous tumor; it invades neighboring tissues, enters blood vessels, and metastasizes to different sites
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malignant
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True or false: cancer cells are well-differentiated from other cells
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False
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The 2nd leading cause of death in the US is __________________________.
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malignant neoplasms
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True or false: The current cancer incidence rate is 20% higher in men than women.
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True
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The trend seen with cancer incidence in men: ____________ and then ____________.
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increase, decrease
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Types of cancer (4)
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carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma
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In this type of cancer, cells cover internal and external body surfaces (epithelial tissues); about 85% of all cancers
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carcinoma
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This is the most common category of cancer: ______________
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carcinoma
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Cancer of blood cells is called ________________.
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leukemia
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Cancer of the lymph nodes and tissues is called ______________.
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lymphoma
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Cancer of cells in supportive tissues, such as bones and muscles, is called _____________.
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sarcoma
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_________ cancer is the most common type of cancer in the US
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skin
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Half of all Americans will develop either _________ or ________ cell carcinoma at least once by the time they are 65 years old.
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basal, squamous
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There are more new cases of ________ cancer than breast, prostate, lung, and colon combined.
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skin
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Types of skin cancer, in order of prevalence (2)
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basal, squamous
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According to the skin cancer foundation, 42% of people polled get a sunburn at least once a year.
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True
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____________ is the most deadly type of skin cancer, accounting for only 4% of cases, but the majority of skin cancer deaths
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melanoma
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True or false: The 5-year survival rate for melanoma is higher for Caucasians than for African Americans
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True
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__________ is the most common form of cancer in people ages 25 - 29. (but in general, skin cancer is more common in older age groups)
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melanoma
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True or false: African Americans are 24x more likely to develop melanoma than Caucasians
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False (Caucasians more likely to develop melanoma)
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True or false: Skin cancer is more DEADLY for African Americans
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True
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Skin cancer is more likely to occur in _______ (men/ women)
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men
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Skin cancer recognition signs (ABCDE)
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asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
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A YRBS survey showed that ________ _______ students are particularly likely to indoor tan.
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older white
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Other carcinomas (in order, after skin)
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breast, lung, prostate, colon, bladder
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Breast cancer: The 5-year survival rate is nearly ___%
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90
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True or false: about 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during her lifetime.
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True
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_______ cancer has a similar prevalence rate of prostate cancer in men, but is associated with a slightly higher mortality.
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breast
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Breast cancer: recommendations for early detection include annual mammograms for women above the age of 40.
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40
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True or false: recommendations are always consistent with healthcare coverage.
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False
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Breast cancer: Women are considered at high risk if their lifetime risk is above ____ - ____ %.
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20, 25
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True or false: 34% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed prior to the age of 54.
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True
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Breast cancer: ______ ______ have the highest incidence rates and _____ ______ have the highest mortality rates.
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white women, black women
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Lung cancer: 5-year survival rate is ____%
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17
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True or false: Lung cancer represents 13% of new cancer cases, and 27% of cancer deaths (another example of morbidity not speaking to mortality)
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True
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Lung cancer: the % of deaths caused by lung cancer is _________ the % of all new cancer cases.
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double
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________ cancer deaths are greater than the COMBINED deaths due to breast, prostate, and colon cancer
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lung
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_________ cancer causes only 4.4% of all cancer deaths, and has a 98.9% 5-year survival rate.
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Prostate
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___________ cancer is a slow-growing cancer, which might be the reason for the lower mortality, compared to morbidity
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Prostate
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___________ cancer is the 4th most prevalent cancer with a 65% 5-year survival rate.
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Colon
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A sarcoma can occur in __________ or __________.
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bone, soft tissue
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___________ is a type of cancer that affects blood-producing tissue, like marrow
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leukemia
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________ leukemia descries an abnormal white blood cell increase
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myeloid
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Diagnosis of leukemia requires a biopsy of _____ ________.
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bone marrow
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____________ is the most common type of childhood cancer in children and adolescents younger than 20 years.
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leukemia
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How many lymph nodes do we have?: ______ - _____
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500, 700
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Types of lymphoma include ________ (which affects _____________ cells), and ___________
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hodgkin, reed-sternberg, non-hodgkin
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Prostate cancer: Younger individuals are _____ likely to have a radical prostatectomy
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more
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Lung cancer: only 15% of lung cancers are diagnosed at the _____ stage.
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early
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Cancer treatment: ___________ or ___________ works by training the immune system to function better
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biotherapy, immunotherapy
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Cancer treatment: ___________ therapy works to lower estrogen levels or testosterone levels which promote the growth of cancer cells
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hormone
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Cancer treatment: a controversial treatment option involves the use of a mutated ____ virus used to combat cancer
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HIV
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This style of coping is often applied for cancer patients
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engagement
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True or false: men are typically good at supporting emotional needs, but not physical needs
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False
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Which genetic marker indicates 20-25% higher risk of having breast cancer?
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BRCA
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True or false: You have a 5-10% higher risk of having breast cancer if it is hereditary
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True
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This type of cancer has the highest diagnosis rate aside from skin cancer.
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Breast
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Cancer patients who do not have surgery have ____ depression and their relatives have _____ depression.
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less, more
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There are 900 known ____________ that are known/ thought to cause cancer.
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carcinogens
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An act in which a doctor essentially causes the patient's death by injection.
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euthanasia
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True or false: childbearing (natural birth) and breastfeeding can decrease risk of cancer.
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True
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In physician assisted suicide, the doctor causes the patient's death.
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False
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Types of PAS (2)
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passive, active
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_____________ stroke is more prevalent but ____________ stroke is more deadly.
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ischemic, hemorrhagic
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___ states allow PAS.
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7
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___________ PAS involves the removal of life-sustaining machines or nutrients.
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Passive
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____________ PAS involves an active injection or medication.
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Active
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Hypertension is more common in younger __________ and in older __________.
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men, women
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This trend is seen in PAS (getting the prescription and taking it)
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increase
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The race of the majority of people who seek PAS is ___________.
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white
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True or false: It is possible to take the medication associated with PAS and SURVIVE.
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True
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True or false: Some people have called for intervention after taking the drug associated with PAS (changed their mind)
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False
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Who was the medical professional that assisted terminally ill patients in suicide before it was made legal?
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Dr Kevorkian
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The _________ plan, introduced in 1929, allowed teachers to stay up to 21 days in the hospital for a 50c payment.
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Baylor
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This type of insurance is described as a contractual agreement.
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indemnity insurance
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Truman attempted this initiative during his presidency.
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nationwide insurance
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President LBJ signed in ______________ during his presidency.
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Medicare
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The ______________________ was signed in in 2010 during Obama's presidency.
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Affordable care act
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Trend seen in feelings on US healthcare system
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stable
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There has been a slight ___________ in % reporting being dissatisfied with COST of healthcare.
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increase
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In the __________ model of health, healthcare is provided and financed by the government through tax payments.
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Beveridge
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In the ___________ model of health, plans have to cover everybody, and they don't make a profit.
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Bismarck
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In the ________________ health insurance model, it uses private-sector providers, but payment comes from a government-run insurance program that every citizen pays into.
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National
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Most poor nations follow the ____________________ payment system.
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out of pocket
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Patient satisfaction is higher when the doctor has high scores for _________________ and _________________ (from the big 5 personality test)
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openness, conscientiousness
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True or false: 78% of patients discharged from the ER indicate that they do not understand their discharge instructions
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True
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Three biggest physician errors: __________, limited _____________ with patients, and ____________ communication issues
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medspeak, face time, nonverbal
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Cancer causing agents are called _______________.
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carcinogens
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Excessive asbestos exposure leads to ___________________.
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mesothelioma
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