Health- First Aid all Notes – Flashcards
111 test answers
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what if the scene is not safe?
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call for medical help and do not endanger your life or the life of bystanders
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what to do when approaching the victim:
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determine consciousness; if no response, call for help
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why is it important to avoid moving the victim?
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victims have been injured more severely by improper movement
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information the EMS needs:
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-description of the situation -actions taken -exact location -telephone number -number of people involved -condition of the victim(s)
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method of prioritizing treatment
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triage
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what is ABC?
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airway, breathing, circulation
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examples of life-threatening emergencies:
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-no breathing or difficulty breathing -no pulse -severe bleeding -persistent pain in the chest or abdomen -poisoning
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sources of information to discover details of accident, illness or injury:
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-details from victims, others or items present at the scene -medical ID such as bracelet or card
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how do you reassure the victim?
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use a confident, calm voice to help relieve victim's anxiety
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______ discuss the victim's condition with observers of the scene.
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never
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maintain _______ and protect the victim's ___________ while providing treatment.
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confidentiality; right to privacy
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while providing first aid to the victim, make every attempt to _________.
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avoid further injury
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provide only treatment you are ______________
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qualified to provide
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break in the bone
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fracture
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the end of a bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position
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dislocation
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injury to tissues surrounding a joint (involving ligaments and tendons)
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sprain
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over stretching of a muscle
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strain
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has no external wound on the skin
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closed or simple fracture
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has an open wound on the skin
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open or compound fracture
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list six signs and symptoms of a fracture.
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deformities, limited motion, pain, victim hears a snap, victim feels a grating sensation, swelling and discoloration
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treatment for fractures is directed at maintaining ___________, treating for ______, keeping the broken bone from ______, and preventing further _______.
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respirations; shock; moving; injury
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list four signs and symptoms of a dislocation.
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deformity, limited movement, swelling and discoloration, pain
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why is movement of the injured part dangerous when a dislocation has occurred?
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can lead to additional injury to nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues in the area
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list four signs and symptoms of a sprain.
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swelling, pain, impaired motion, discoloration
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list three first aid treatments for a sprain.
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application of cold, elevation of the part, elastic bandage, rest
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why are cold applications used to treat a sprain or strain?
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to reduce swelling and pain
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why are warm applications used to treat a strain?
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to relax the muscles
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list four different types of materials that can be used for splints.
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cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards
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list three basic principles that should be followed when splits are applied.
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-should be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injury -should be padded -should be tied in place
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list four points you can check to make sure that circulation is not impaired after a splint or sling has been applied.
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skin temperature (should be warm), skin color (pale or blueness indicates poor circulation), note swelling, check for pain/tingling
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what should you do if you notice signs of impaired circulation after applying a splint?
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immediately loosen the ties holding the splint
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has a break in the skin or mucous membrane
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open wound
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has no break in the skin (occurs to the underlying tissues)
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closed wound
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first aid care for wounds must be directed at controlling _________ and preventing _________.
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bleeding; infections
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scrape on the skin
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abrasion
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cut or injury by sharp object
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incision
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jagged irregular injury with tearing
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laceration
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wound caused by sharp pointed object
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puncture
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tissue torn or separated from body
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avulsion
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body part cut off
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amputation
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usually spurts from a wound, heavy blood loss, bright red in color
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arterial blood
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slower, dark red, easier to control
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venous blood
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oozes from the wound, clots easily
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capillary blood
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list the four methods for controlling bleeding in the order in which they should be used.
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direct pressure, elevation, pressure bandage, pressure points
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name two items that can be used to form a protective barrier while controlling bleeding
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a clean cloth or towel (or your bare hand)
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the main pressure point for the arm is the _________
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brachial artery (inside of upper arm)
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the main pressure point in the leg is the ___________
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femoral artery (groin)
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list four ways to prevent infection while caring for minor wounds without severe bleeding.
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-wash hands before treating -put gloves on if available -wash wound with soap and water -rinse with cool water
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list five signs of infection.
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-swelling -heat -pain -fever -pus
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if a tetanus infection is a possibility, what first aid is necessary?
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tetanus shot
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how should objects embedded deep in the tissues be removed?
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-if on the surface, remove it with sterile tweezers -if objects are deep, leave it and see a physician
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list six signs and symptoms of a closed wound.
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-pain -tenderness -deformity -cold/clammy skin -rapid pulse -low blood pressure
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list four first aid treatments for a victim of a closed wound.
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-get medical help ASAP -check breathing -avoid unnecessary movement of the victim -DO NOT give the victim fluids or foods
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What other condition must you be prepared to treat while caring for wounds?
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shock
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At all times, remain _____ while providing first aid.
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calm
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Obtain ________ care as soon as possible.
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medical
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a clinical set of signs and symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs
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shock
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name the two main body organs affected by an inadequate supply of blood.
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brain and heart
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list six causes of shock.
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-excessive loss of blood (hemorrhage) -dehydration (burns, vomiting, diarrhea) -excessive pain or infection -heart attack or stroke -poisoning -lack of oxygen
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list nine signs or symptoms of shock.
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-skin is pale or bluish-gray in color -skin is cool or cold to the touch -diaphoresis (excessive perspiration) -rapid, weak pulse -respirations that are shallow, rapid, and sometimes irregular -blood pressure that is very low or not obtainable -general weakness -extreme restlessness -blurred vision
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Treatment for shock is directed at eliminating the _______, improving ___________, providing ______, and maintaining _____________.
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cause; circulation; oxygen; body temperature
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position for victim with neck or spine injuries:
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do not move them unless necessary for their safety
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position for victim vomiting or bleeding from the mouth:
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on their side to prevent choking or breathing problems
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victim with respiratory distress:
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head should be slightly raised
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position if none of the previous conditions is present:
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flat on the back with legs and feet raised to improve circulation to the heart and brain
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allergic reaction to a substance
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anaphylactic shock
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caused by damage to the heart muscle form heart attack or cardiac arrest
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cardiogenic shock
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caused by severe bleeding or loss of blood plasma
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hemorrhagic shock
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caused by a loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heat illness
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hypovolemic shock
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caused by injury and trauma to the brain and/or spinal cord
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neurogenic shock
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caused by emotional distress such as anger, fear, or grief
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psychogenic shock
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caused by trauma to respiratory tract; respiratory distress or arrest (chronic disease, choking)
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respiratory shock
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caused by acute infection
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septic shock
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an injury that can be caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation and/or electricity
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burn
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involves only the first layer of skin ex) sunburn, brief contact with hot objects
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first degree or superficial
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-causes injury to top layers of skin; involves both the dermis and epidermis -swelling occurs ex) severe sunburn, contact with boiling liquids
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second degree or partial-thickness
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-involves injury to all layers of the skin AND underlying tissue -can be painless -life-threatening ex) exposure to fire/flames, electricity
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third degree or full-thickness
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first aid treatment for burns is directed at removing the ____________, cooling the _______, covering the ____, relieving ______, observing and treating for ______, and preventing ________.
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source of heat; skin area; burn; pain; shock; infection
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identify 4 times when medical care should be obtained for burn victims.
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-more than 15% of the ADULT body is burned -more than 10% of a CHILD'S body is burned -burns affect face or respiratory tract -burns result form chemicals, explosions, or electricity
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what is the main treatment for superficial and mild, partial-thickness burns?
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-cool the area by flushing it with cool water -use dry, sterile gauze to blot the area dry -elevate the affected part if possible
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why is a sterile dressing applied to a burn?
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to prevent infection
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if blisters appear on a burn, how should you treat these?
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DO NOT break any blisters open!
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how should third degree burns be treated?
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-call for medical help immediately -cover with a sterile dressing -elevate the extremity -do not attempt to remove articles of clothing from the burn -watch the victim closely until help arrives
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if chemicals or irritating gases burn the eyes, how should the eye be treated?
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-remove contact lenses if applicable -flush eyes with large amounts of water for 15-20 minutes -allow water to run to the outside of the eye
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why is shock frequently noted in victims with severe burns?
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because of loss of body fluids (dehydration)
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what occurs when the body is over exposed to heat?
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a chemical imbalance of water and salt that occurs through perspiration
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what are heat cramps?
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muscle pains/spasms that result from salt and water loss
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list 3 first aid treatments for heat cramps.
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-apply firm pressure on the muscle -encourage the victim to rest and move to a cooler area -give small sips of water or sports drink
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list 6 signs or symptoms of heat exhaustion.
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-pale, clammy skin -profuse perspiration -tired, weak -headache -muscle cramps -nausea/vomiting
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list 3 first aid treatments for heat exhaustion.
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-loosen or remove clothing -apply cool, wet cloths -lie victim down and elevate feet slightly
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how does internal body temperature differ in heat exhaustion and heat stroke?
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-body is not able to eliminate excess heat -body temp is 105 degrees or higher whereas in heat exhaustion, it is not elevated
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list 3 signs and symptoms of heat stroke.
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-red, hot, dry skin -rapid pulse -loss of consciousness
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high body temperatures (such as 105 degrees F or 41 degrees C) can cause _________ and/or ______.
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convulsions; death
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list 3 first aid treatments for heat stroke.
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-cool victim quickly, place them in a tub of cool water -apply cold packs to wrists, ankles, axillary and groin area -watch for signs of shock
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identify 2 precautions a victim should take after recovering from any condition caused by exposure to heat.
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-warn the victim to avoid warm or hot temperatures for several days after recovering from heat exposure -encourage the victim to drink sufficient amounts of water and have an adequate intake of salt
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list 4 ways that poisoning can be caused.
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-swallowing various substances -inhaling poisonous gases -injecting substances -contacting the skin with poison
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treatment for poisoning will vary depending on the ________ poison, the ______ involved, and the method of _______.
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type of; injury; contact
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what is the first thing to do when a victim swallows a poison?
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call the poison control center or a physician immediately
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list 3 types of information that should be given to a poison control center or physician.
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-was was taken? -how much? -the time in which the poisoning occurred
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what should you do if a conscious poison victim vomits?
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save a sample of it
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how should you position an unconscious poisoning victim who is breathing? Why?
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on one side, with their head slightly downward; so they don't aspirate
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list 2 ways to induce vomiting.
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-syrup of ipecac, followed by a glass of water -tickle the back of the victim's throat or administer warm salt water
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why is activated charcoal used after a poisoning victim vomits?
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to counteract the remaining poison by helping to absorb it
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list 4 types of poison victims in whom vomiting should not be induced.
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-unconscious -victims who swallowed an acid or alkali -victims who swallowed a petroleum product -victims who are convulsing
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what is the first step of treatment for a victim who has been poisoned by inhaling gas?
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remove the victim immediately from the area before treating them
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how do you treat victims poisoned by chemicals splashing on the skin?
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use large amounts of water to wash the skin for at least 15-20 minutes
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list 5 signs of an allergic reaction to an injected poison.
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-redness and swelling at the site -itching -hives -pain -swelling of the throat
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