question

an immediate care given to a victim of an accident or illness to minimize effect of injury or illness until experts can take over

answer

first aid

question

using the correct first aid methods can mean the difference between _____ and _____ or ________ versus __________.

answer

life and death; recovery versus permanent disability

question

factors that may affect the type of treatment you provide:

answer

-type of injury or illness -environment -equipment or supplies on hand -availability of medical help

question

types of senses that can alert you to an emergency:

answer

-unusual sounds -unusual sights -unusual appearances

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what if the scene is not safe?

answer

call for medical help and do not endanger your life or the life of bystanders

question

what to do when approaching the victim:

answer

determine consciousness; if no response, call for help

question

why is it important to avoid moving the victim?

answer

victims have been injured more severely by improper movement

question

information the EMS needs:

answer

-description of the situation -actions taken -exact location -telephone number -number of people involved -condition of the victim(s)

question

method of prioritizing treatment

answer

triage

question

what is ABC?

answer

airway, breathing, circulation

question

examples of life-threatening emergencies:

answer

-no breathing or difficulty breathing -no pulse -severe bleeding -persistent pain in the chest or abdomen -poisoning

question

sources of information to discover details of accident, illness or injury:

answer

-details from victims, others or items present at the scene -medical ID such as bracelet or card

question

how do you reassure the victim?

answer

use a confident, calm voice to help relieve victim's anxiety

question

______ discuss the victim's condition with observers of the scene.

answer

never

question

maintain _______ and protect the victim's ___________ while providing treatment.

answer

confidentiality; right to privacy

question

while providing first aid to the victim, make every attempt to _________.

answer

avoid further injury

question

provide only treatment you are ______________

answer

qualified to provide

question

break in the bone

answer

fracture

question

the end of a bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position

answer

dislocation

question

injury to tissues surrounding a joint (involving ligaments and tendons)

answer

sprain

question

over stretching of a muscle

answer

strain

question

has no external wound on the skin

answer

closed or simple fracture

question

has an open wound on the skin

answer

open or compound fracture

question

list six signs and symptoms of a fracture.

answer

deformities, limited motion, pain, victim hears a snap, victim feels a grating sensation, swelling and discoloration

question

treatment for fractures is directed at maintaining ___________, treating for ______, keeping the broken bone from ______, and preventing further _______.

answer

respirations; shock; moving; injury

question

list four signs and symptoms of a dislocation.

answer

deformity, limited movement, swelling and discoloration, pain

question

why is movement of the injured part dangerous when a dislocation has occurred?

answer

can lead to additional injury to nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues in the area

question

list four signs and symptoms of a sprain.

answer

swelling, pain, impaired motion, discoloration

question

list three first aid treatments for a sprain.

answer

application of cold, elevation of the part, elastic bandage, rest

question

why are cold applications used to treat a sprain or strain?

answer

to reduce swelling and pain

question

why are warm applications used to treat a strain?

answer

to relax the muscles

question

list four different types of materials that can be used for splints.

answer

cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards

question

list three basic principles that should be followed when splits are applied.

answer

-should be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injury -should be padded -should be tied in place

question

list four points you can check to make sure that circulation is not impaired after a splint or sling has been applied.

answer

skin temperature (should be warm), skin color (pale or blueness indicates poor circulation), note swelling, check for pain/tingling

question

what should you do if you notice signs of impaired circulation after applying a splint?

answer

immediately loosen the ties holding the splint

question

has a break in the skin or mucous membrane

answer

open wound

question

has no break in the skin (occurs to the underlying tissues)

answer

closed wound

question

first aid care for wounds must be directed at controlling _________ and preventing _________.

answer

bleeding; infections

question

scrape on the skin

answer

abrasion

question

cut or injury by sharp object

answer

incision

question

jagged irregular injury with tearing

answer

laceration

question

wound caused by sharp pointed object

answer

puncture

question

tissue torn or separated from body

answer

avulsion

question

body part cut off

answer

amputation

question

usually spurts from a wound, heavy blood loss, bright red in color

answer

arterial blood

question

slower, dark red, easier to control

answer

venous blood

question

oozes from the wound, clots easily

answer

capillary blood

question

list the four methods for controlling bleeding in the order in which they should be used.

answer

direct pressure, elevation, pressure bandage, pressure points

question

name two items that can be used to form a protective barrier while controlling bleeding

answer

a clean cloth or towel (or your bare hand)

question

the main pressure point for the arm is the _________

answer

brachial artery (inside of upper arm)

question

the main pressure point in the leg is the ___________

answer

femoral artery (groin)

question

list four ways to prevent infection while caring for minor wounds without severe bleeding.

answer

-wash hands before treating -put gloves on if available -wash wound with soap and water -rinse with cool water

question

list five signs of infection.

answer

-swelling -heat -pain -fever -pus

question

if a tetanus infection is a possibility, what first aid is necessary?

answer

tetanus shot

question

how should objects embedded deep in the tissues be removed?

answer

-if on the surface, remove it with sterile tweezers -if objects are deep, leave it and see a physician

question

list six signs and symptoms of a closed wound.

answer

-pain -tenderness -deformity -cold/clammy skin -rapid pulse -low blood pressure

question

list four first aid treatments for a victim of a closed wound.

answer

-get medical help ASAP -check breathing -avoid unnecessary movement of the victim -DO NOT give the victim fluids or foods

question

What other condition must you be prepared to treat while caring for wounds?

answer

shock

question

At all times, remain _____ while providing first aid.

answer

calm

question

Obtain ________ care as soon as possible.

answer

medical

question

a clinical set of signs and symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs

answer

shock

question

name the two main body organs affected by an inadequate supply of blood.

answer

brain and heart

question

list six causes of shock.

answer

-excessive loss of blood (hemorrhage) -dehydration (burns, vomiting, diarrhea) -excessive pain or infection -heart attack or stroke -poisoning -lack of oxygen

question

list nine signs or symptoms of shock.

answer

-skin is pale or bluish-gray in color -skin is cool or cold to the touch -diaphoresis (excessive perspiration) -rapid, weak pulse -respirations that are shallow, rapid, and sometimes irregular -blood pressure that is very low or not obtainable -general weakness -extreme restlessness -blurred vision

question

Treatment for shock is directed at eliminating the _______, improving ___________, providing ______, and maintaining _____________.

answer

cause; circulation; oxygen; body temperature

question

position for victim with neck or spine injuries:

answer

do not move them unless necessary for their safety

question

position for victim vomiting or bleeding from the mouth:

answer

on their side to prevent choking or breathing problems

question

victim with respiratory distress:

answer

head should be slightly raised

question

position if none of the previous conditions is present:

answer

flat on the back with legs and feet raised to improve circulation to the heart and brain

question

allergic reaction to a substance

answer

anaphylactic shock

question

caused by damage to the heart muscle form heart attack or cardiac arrest

answer

cardiogenic shock

question

caused by severe bleeding or loss of blood plasma

answer

hemorrhagic shock

question

caused by a loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heat illness

answer

hypovolemic shock

question

caused by injury and trauma to the brain and/or spinal cord

answer

neurogenic shock

question

caused by emotional distress such as anger, fear, or grief

answer

psychogenic shock

question

caused by trauma to respiratory tract; respiratory distress or arrest (chronic disease, choking)

answer

respiratory shock

question

caused by acute infection

answer

septic shock

question

an injury that can be caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation and/or electricity

answer

burn

question

involves only the first layer of skin ex) sunburn, brief contact with hot objects

answer

first degree or superficial

question

-causes injury to top layers of skin; involves both the dermis and epidermis -swelling occurs ex) severe sunburn, contact with boiling liquids

answer

second degree or partial-thickness

question

-involves injury to all layers of the skin AND underlying tissue -can be painless -life-threatening ex) exposure to fire/flames, electricity

answer

third degree or full-thickness

question

first aid treatment for burns is directed at removing the ____________, cooling the _______, covering the ____, relieving ______, observing and treating for ______, and preventing ________.

answer

source of heat; skin area; burn; pain; shock; infection

question

identify 4 times when medical care should be obtained for burn victims.

answer

-more than 15% of the ADULT body is burned -more than 10% of a CHILD'S body is burned -burns affect face or respiratory tract -burns result form chemicals, explosions, or electricity

question

what is the main treatment for superficial and mild, partial-thickness burns?

answer

-cool the area by flushing it with cool water -use dry, sterile gauze to blot the area dry -elevate the affected part if possible

question

why is a sterile dressing applied to a burn?

answer

to prevent infection

question

if blisters appear on a burn, how should you treat these?

answer

DO NOT break any blisters open!

question

how should third degree burns be treated?

answer

-call for medical help immediately -cover with a sterile dressing -elevate the extremity -do not attempt to remove articles of clothing from the burn -watch the victim closely until help arrives

question

if chemicals or irritating gases burn the eyes, how should the eye be treated?

answer

-remove contact lenses if applicable -flush eyes with large amounts of water for 15-20 minutes -allow water to run to the outside of the eye

question

why is shock frequently noted in victims with severe burns?

answer

because of loss of body fluids (dehydration)

question

what occurs when the body is over exposed to heat?

answer

a chemical imbalance of water and salt that occurs through perspiration

question

what are heat cramps?

answer

muscle pains/spasms that result from salt and water loss

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat cramps.

answer

-apply firm pressure on the muscle -encourage the victim to rest and move to a cooler area -give small sips of water or sports drink

question

list 6 signs or symptoms of heat exhaustion.

answer

-pale, clammy skin -profuse perspiration -tired, weak -headache -muscle cramps -nausea/vomiting

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat exhaustion.

answer

-loosen or remove clothing -apply cool, wet cloths -lie victim down and elevate feet slightly

question

how does internal body temperature differ in heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

answer

-body is not able to eliminate excess heat -body temp is 105 degrees or higher whereas in heat exhaustion, it is not elevated

question

list 3 signs and symptoms of heat stroke.

answer

-red, hot, dry skin -rapid pulse -loss of consciousness

question

high body temperatures (such as 105 degrees F or 41 degrees C) can cause _________ and/or ______.

answer

convulsions; death

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat stroke.

answer

-cool victim quickly, place them in a tub of cool water -apply cold packs to wrists, ankles, axillary and groin area -watch for signs of shock

question

identify 2 precautions a victim should take after recovering from any condition caused by exposure to heat.

answer

-warn the victim to avoid warm or hot temperatures for several days after recovering from heat exposure -encourage the victim to drink sufficient amounts of water and have an adequate intake of salt

question

list 4 ways that poisoning can be caused.

answer

-swallowing various substances -inhaling poisonous gases -injecting substances -contacting the skin with poison

question

treatment for poisoning will vary depending on the ________ poison, the ______ involved, and the method of _______.

answer

type of; injury; contact

question

what is the first thing to do when a victim swallows a poison?

answer

call the poison control center or a physician immediately

question

list 3 types of information that should be given to a poison control center or physician.

answer

-was was taken? -how much? -the time in which the poisoning occurred

question

what should you do if a conscious poison victim vomits?

answer

save a sample of it

question

how should you position an unconscious poisoning victim who is breathing? Why?

answer

on one side, with their head slightly downward; so they don't aspirate

question

list 2 ways to induce vomiting.

answer

-syrup of ipecac, followed by a glass of water -tickle the back of the victim's throat or administer warm salt water

question

why is activated charcoal used after a poisoning victim vomits?

answer

to counteract the remaining poison by helping to absorb it

question

list 4 types of poison victims in whom vomiting should not be induced.

answer

-unconscious -victims who swallowed an acid or alkali -victims who swallowed a petroleum product -victims who are convulsing

question

what is the first step of treatment for a victim who has been poisoned by inhaling gas?

answer

remove the victim immediately from the area before treating them

question

how do you treat victims poisoned by chemicals splashing on the skin?

answer

use large amounts of water to wash the skin for at least 15-20 minutes

question

list 5 signs of an allergic reaction to an injected poison.

answer

-redness and swelling at the site -itching -hives -pain -swelling of the throat

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