Health B Unit 9 – Flashcards
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infectious disease
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a disease caused by an organism or virus that enters and multiplies within the human body
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microorganism
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an organism that is so small it can only be seen through a microscope
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pathogen
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a microorganism or virus that causes disease
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bacteria
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simple, single-celled microorganisms
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toxin
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a poison given off by some bacteria that can injure cells
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virus
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the smallest type of pathogen
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fungi
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organisms such as yeast, molds, and mushrooms that grow best in warm, dark, moist areas
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protozoan
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a large and complex single-celled organism
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mucous membrane
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the protective lining that covers any opening into the body
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inflammation
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the body's general response to all kinds of injury
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phagocyte
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a type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens
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immune system
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the body's most sophisticated defense against pathogens; produces a separate set of weapons for each kind of pathogen that it encounters
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lymphocyte
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a type of white blood cell that carries out functions of the immune system
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immunity
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the body's ability to destroy a pathogen that it has previously encountered before the pathogen is able to cause disease
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antibody
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a protein that attaches to the surface of pathogens or to the toxins produced by pathogens, keeping the pathogen or toxin from harming the body
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lymphatic system
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a network of vessels that collects fluid from the body tissues and returns it to the bloodstream; contains much of the immune system
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immunization
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an injection that causes the body to become immune to an infectious disease
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vaccine
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a substance containing small amounts of dead or modified pathogens or their toxins that is injected during an immunization
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killer T cells
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destroys any body cells that have been infected by a pathogen
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helper T cells
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produces chemicals that stimulate other T cells and B cells to fight off an infection
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suppressor T cells
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produces chemicals that "turn off" other immune system cells when an infection has been brought under control
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B cells
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produces antibodies that keep the pathogen or toxin from harming the body. They are produced to attack a specific pathogen. When the infection is overcome, they stop producing antibodies but they don't "forget". They are ready to produce antibodies quickly if the same pathogen reenters the body
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antibiotic
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a drug that inhibits or kills bacteria
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epidemic
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an unusually high occurrence of a disease in a certain place during a certain time period
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emerging disease
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an infectious disease that has become increasingly common in humans within the last 20 years or threatens to become more common in the near future
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sexually transmitted infection
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an infection caused by any pathogen that spreads from one person to another during sexual contact
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urethritis
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inflammation of the lining of the urethra
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vaginitis
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a vaginal infection or irritation
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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a serious infection of the female reproductive organs that can lead to infertility or on ectopic pregnancy
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chancre
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a painless sore that appears during the first stage of syphilis infection
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asymptomatic stage
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the stage of the HIV infection in which the infected person shows no symptoms
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opportunistic infection
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an infection that attacks a person with a weakened immune system
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HIV-positive
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a person who is diagnosed as being infected with HIV
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viral load
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the number of virus particles circulating in the body
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chronic diseases
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a disease that persists for a long period or recurs throughout life; usually caused by behavioral, environmental, or hereditary factors
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cardiovascular diseases
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a disease of the heart and blood vessels
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angina pectoris
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the chest pain that occurs when an area of the heart does not get enough oxygen-rich blood
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heart attack
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the condition that occurs when some of the tissue in the heart doesn't receive its normal blood supply and dies
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fibrillation
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a life-threatening arrhythmia in which the heart twitches rapidly in an uncoordinated fashion
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stroke
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a sudden disruption of blood flow to part of the brain
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cerebral hemorrhage
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a type of stroke that occurs when an artery located in the cerebrum bursts
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aneurysm
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a blood-filled weak spot that balloons out from the artery wall
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cancer
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a group of diseases involving the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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tumor
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an abnormal mass of tissue
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malignant
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the term used to describe a cancerous tumor
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer from where it first develops to other parts of the body
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oncogene
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a normal gene that has changed into a cancer-causing gene
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carcinogen
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a substance that is known to cause cancer
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biopsy
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the removal of a small piece of tissue to examine it for signs of cancer
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diabetes
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a disease in which the body's ability to use glucose is impaired
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insulin
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a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates body cells to take up and use blood sugar
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allergen
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any substance that causes an allergy
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histamine
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the chemical responsible for the symptoms of an allergy
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arthritis
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inflammation or irritation of a joint
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osteoarthritis
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a common form of arthritis that is caused by wear and tear on a joint or by repeated injuries to a joint
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rheumatoid arthritis
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a form of arthritis in which the membrane surrounding a joint becomes inflamed; the inflammation then spreads to other areas of the joint
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allergy
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a disorder in which the immune system is overly sensitive to a particular substance not normally found in the body
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asthma
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a disorder in which a person's respiratory passages become inflamed and narrow significantly in reaction to certain "triggers"
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disability
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any physical or mental impairment that limits or reduces normal activities
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macular degeneration
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a condition affecting the retina of the eye; the leading cause of vision loss in older Americans
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tinnitus
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a condition in which ringing is heard in the ears, even when there is no external sound
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans
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types of pathogens
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When they enter your body and multiply
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How do pathogens cause infectious diseases?
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When the damaged cells release chemicals that cause blood vessels to enlarge; phagocytes leak out of the vessels and destroy pathogens and also give off substances that cause healing to begin
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How does the inflammatory process fight an infection in the body?
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avoiding contact with pathogens, making sure that your immunizations are current, and choosing healthful behaviors
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What are three ways you can protect yourself from infectious diseases?
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when people come in contact with infected animals, pathogens become resistant to existing drugs, people lack appropriate immunizations, increased frequency of international travel, and increased frequency of global food supply
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Factors that contribute to the development of emerging diseases
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STIs are mainly spread through sexual contact
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How practicing abstinence can help you avoid STIs
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people who use illegal drugs or inject steroids run a high risk of contracting certain STIs; drugs can lead you to a decision that you may regret later
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How practicing avoiding drugs can help you avoid STIs
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friends who support your healthy decisions can make it easier to resist the pressure to use drugs or engage in sexual behavior
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How practicing choosing your friends can help you avoid STIs
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It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease
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What can happen if chlamydia goes untreated?
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sexual contact, shared needles, contact with blood, and mother to baby
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The ways that HIV is transmitted
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practicing abstinence, avoiding drugs, avoiding contact with blood or body fluids, sexual fidelity in marriage, and barrier protection
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Five behaviors that can help you avoid HIV infection
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hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attack, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, and stroke
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Types of cardiovascular disease
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maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, monitoring your blood pressure, and avoiding smoking and drinking
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Things you can do to lower your risk for cardiovascular disease
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it destroys healthy body tissues
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How cancer harms the body
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the forming of tumors and the increased rate at which cells reproduce
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What changes in cells allow cancer to develop?
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impaired vision, impaired hearing, and impaired mobility
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Three most common physical disabilities
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Type 1 diabetes
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a person produces little or no insulin; they must monitor blood glucose levels, take doses of insulin, and have strict eating and exercising schedules. Results in high blood glucose levels and has the same symptoms as Type 2
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Type 2 diabetes
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a person's body cells don't respond normally to insulin; it can be controlled and prevented. Results in high blood glucose levels and has the same symptoms as Type 1
