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Intimate partner violence occurs between

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two people in an intimate relationship (current or former spouses, or dating partners).

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Sexual Harassment

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It is defined as unwelcome sexual contact that is related to any condition of employment or evaluation of student performance. Sexual harassment can affect both men and women. Peers can harass one another, too.

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Discrimination

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Behavior targeted at individuals or groups and intended to hold them apart and treat them differently.

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Bias-motivated crimes describe violence based on

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prejudice and *discrimination among ethnic groups in the larger society*.

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Factors Contributing to Violence

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Poverty Unemployment Parental and peer influence Cultural beliefs *Discrimination* or oppression Religious beliefs and differences Political differences Breakdowns in the criminal justice system Stress

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Child maltreatment is defined as

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any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.

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2 types Child Maltreatment

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Child Abuse and Child Neglect

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Child Maltreatment: Child Abuse

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Child abuse refers to acts of commission or deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child.

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Child Maltreatment: Child Neglect

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Neglect is an act of omission, meaning failure to provide for a child.

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Blood Alcohol Concentration aka BAC

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Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume

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The legal limit for BAC is

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0.08 percent in all states.

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Both breath analysis (breathalyzer tests) and urinalysis are used to

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determine whether an individual is legally intoxicated, but blood tests are more accurate.

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Learned behavioral tolerance

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even though BAC may be quite high, the individual has learned to modify his behavior to appear sober.

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Alcoholism or alcohol dependence occurs when

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alcohol use is so severe that stopping alcohol results in withdrawal symptoms.

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Identifying an Alcoholic

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Craving, loss of control, tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify a drinker as an addict.

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Absorption

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About 20 percent of absorption occurs in the stomach. About 80 percent of absorption occurs in the small intestine.

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Factors that influence absorption

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Concentration of the drink Amount consumed Food in the stomach Mood

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Alcohol contains *________*per gram.

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7 calories per gram

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How lang does it take to remove one drink?

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The breakdown of alcohol is fairly constant at *about 0.5 ounce per hour*, about one standard drink.

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Vital functions become noticeably affected, and in extreme cases, *________*can result.

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Vital functions become noticeably affected, and in extreme cases, *coma and death* can result.

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Alcohol depresses central nervous system (CNS) functions.

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Alcohol *depresses* central nervous system (CNS) functions.

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Nicotine is

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Highly addictive, psychoactive substance CNS stimulant

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Nicotine poisoning is

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Tobacco Addiction

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2 types of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

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Mainstream Sidestream

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Mainstream

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smoke drawn through tobacco while inhaling.

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Sidestream

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smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or smoke exhaled by a smoker - Contains twice as much tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia than mainstream smoke. - Causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant.

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Lung cancer is the leading *________* of cancer death.

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Lung cancer is the leading *cause* of cancer death.

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Of lung cancers, *________* percent are caused by smoking tobacco.

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Of lung cancers, 8*5-90* percent are caused by smoking tobacco.

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*________* can take 10-30 years to develop, and most cases are not diagnosed until the cancer has spread.

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Lung cancer

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Smoking just one cigar a day can *________* the risk of several cancers.

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Smoking just one cigar a day can *double* the risk of several cancers.

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*________*tobacco is responsible for the majority of new oral cancers, which can begin as leukoplakia.

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*Chewing tobacco* is responsible for the majority of new oral cancers, which can begin as leukoplakia.

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Five-year survival rate is only 16 percent for

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Lung cancer

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Other tobacco-induced cancers include

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pancreatic, kidney, bladder, lip, tongue, esophagus, and larynx

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Smokers have a *________* percent higher death rate from heart disease than do nonsmokers.

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Smokers have a *70* percent higher death rate from heart disease than do nonsmokers.

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Daily cigar smoking *________*the risk of heart attack and stroke.

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Daily cigar smoking *doubles* the risk of heart attack and stroke.

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The American Heart Association now focuses more on rather *________________ than mortality rates and the disease process.

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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

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Smoking contributes to *________* diseases by adding the equivalent of *________* years of aging to the arteries.

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Smoking contributes to *heart diseases* by adding the equivalent of *10* years of aging to the arteries.

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Smokers are *________*as likely to suffer strokes.

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Smokers are *twice* as likely to suffer strokes.

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What Causes Cancer?

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- Tobacco use - Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity - Stress and psychosocial risks - Inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments - Drug and alcohol consumption - *Excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens*

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke

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It contains more than 50 carcinogens

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Tar and Carbon Monoxide

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Tar is the carcinogenic particulate matter

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Cigars

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Contain 23 poisons and *43 carcinogens*

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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

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ICH is defined as the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of the these behavioral and health factor metrics: Behaviors: Not smoking Sufficient physical activity A healthy diet pattern An appropriate energy balance and normal body weight

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The American Heart Association now focuses more on ____________________ rather than mortality rates and the disease process.

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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

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Daily cigar smoking doubles the risk of heart attack and stroke

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Daily cigar smoking *doubles the risk of heart attack* and stroke

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Risk of *_________* falls by half after only 1 year without smoking.

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Risk of *heart attack* falls by half after only 1 year without smoking.

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Over *_________* new and recurrent heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) occur each year.

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Over *1 million* new and recurrent heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) occur each year.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) describes

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diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects.

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CVD is the cause of over *____________* of all deaths in the United States

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CVD is the cause of over *33 percent* of all deaths in the United States

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Health factors of CVD:

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Having optimal total cholesterol without medication Having optimal blood pressure without medication Having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication

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Cardiovascular Diseases

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Hypertension Coronary Heart Disease Angina Pectoris (chest pain) Arrhythmias Heart Failure Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

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Hypertension

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*Systolic blood pressure* is the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure in the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts. *Diastolic blood pressure* indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity. High blood pressure

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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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Greatest killer, causing nearly 1 in every 6 deaths in the United States - Brought on by a blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery - When blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in corresponding oxygen flow.

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Angina Pectoris (chest pain)

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- Occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure. - Mild cases may be treated with rest. - Drugs can dilate veins and provide pain relief. -Calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms. - Beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle

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Arrhythmias

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An irregularity in the heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly.

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Tachycardia is

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an abnormally fast heart beat.

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Bradycardia is

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an abnormally slow heart beat.

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Heart Failure

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- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked - lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body - blood and fluids back up into the lungs and other body tissues.

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Stroke "cerebrovascular accident"

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Seven million Americans suffer strokes every year; almost 129,000 people die each year from strokes. Blood supply to brain is interrupted.

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Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

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are brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment. -Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred vision, slurred speech, and others.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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important clinical tool for examining health of heart; graphic depiction of electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time

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Malignant tumors

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not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells.

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Blood Flow within the Heart

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- Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart. - Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle. - The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts.

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Stages of Cancer

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stage 0 is in situ cancer; stage 1 is localised cancer, although further local spread may take it to stage 2; stage 2 also usually includes spread to the nearest lymph nodes; stage 3 usually indicates more extensive lymph node involvement stage 4 always indicates distant spread.

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Chambers of the heart

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right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

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Atria are the heart's two

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upper chambers, which receive blood.

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Ventricles are the heart's two

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lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels.

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CPR

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cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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Oncogenes

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cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated

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Pancreatic Cancer

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- Most patients die within 1 year of diagnosis, and only 6 percent survive 5 years. - Tobacco use appears to be a key risk factor, along with obesity, consumption of high-levels of red meat, and a high-fat diet. - Few early symptoms, and no reliable test in its early stages. - By the time it is diagnosed, it is too far advanced to treat.

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About ___________ people were diagnosed with skin cancer in 2013.

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3.5 million

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Skin cancer that highly curable

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basal or squamous

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More lethal skin cancer

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malignant melanoma

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90% of skin cancers are treated with _________

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surgery, Radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery

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ABCD rule about melanoma

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Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter

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Vaccines consist of

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killed or weakened versions of the disease-causing microorganism or an antigen that is similar to but less dangerous than the disease antigen

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3 different types of immunity:

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Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity

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Artificially acquired active immunity

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Given orally or by injection

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Naturally acquired active immunity

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Obtained by exposure to antigens in the normal course of daily life

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Naturally acquired passive immunity

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Occurs when a mother passes immunity to her fetus via shared blood supply or breast milk

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Antigens

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substances capable of triggering an immune response.

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Examples of Antigens

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a virus, a bacteria, a fungus, a parasite, a toxin or tissue from another organism

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Pathogens

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Disease-causing agents found in air and food and on nearly every object or person.

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Types of Pathogens

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- Staphylococcal infections - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Streptococcal infections (strep throat) - Meningitis (bacterial, viral, fungal) - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis (TB) - Tick-borne bacterial diseases

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Virus

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- Incapable of carrying out any life processes on their own; to reproduce must invade and inject their own RNA or DNA into a host cell. - Diagnosis can be difficult because some viruses have incubation periods (the time from infection to symptoms) that can last years. - Drugs powerful enough to kill viruses generally kill the host cells.

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Viruses are the smallest known _______

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pathogens

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Types of Viruses

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The common cold Influenza Hepatitis: three different types A HAV B HBV C HCV

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Four cardinal signs of inflammation

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redness, swelling, pain, and heat

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Treatment for bacteria caused diseases

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Diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.

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Mold

answer

an emerging form of air pollutant. exposure causes nasal stuffiness, eye/skin irritation, wheezing, fever, and shortness of breath.

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Radon is

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the second leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, each year. Found in soil and water

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Acid deposition is

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Replacing the term acid rain. It refers to the deposition of wet and dry acidic components that fall to the earth in dust or smoke.

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Six Common Air Pollutants

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1. Sulfur dioxide 2. Particulates 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Nitrogen dioxide 5. Ground level ozone 6. Lead

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Primary Care Practitioner

answer

Provides preventive care and treats routine ailments, gives general medical advice, and makes appropriate referrals when necessary

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Physician Assistant (PA)

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Health care practitioner trained to handle most routine care under the supervision of a physician

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Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

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Usually the least expensive form of managed care, but most restrictive

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Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)

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Networks of independent doctors and hospitals that contract to provide care at discounted rates

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Point of Service (POS)

answer

A hybrid of HMOs and PPOs

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Short-term exposure to loud noise reduces

answer

concentration and productivity and may affect mental and emotional health.

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Prolonged exposure can lead to

answer

hearing loss.

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Medicare

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A federal insurance program that covers 99 percent of people over age 65, all totally and permanently disabled people (after a waiting period), and all people with end-stage kidney failure.

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Medicaid

answer

Funded jointly by federal and state funds. Covers approximately 58 million low-income people, including many who are pregnant, blind, disabled, elderly, or eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

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Rights as a patient

answer

- Access to providers, facilities, and treatments - Access to quality health insurance - Information consent - Access to all their personal records - Confidentiality

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