HEA 110 FINALS – Flashcards
103 test answers
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Factors Contributing to Violence
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Poverty Unemployment Parental and peer influence Cultural beliefs *Discrimination* or oppression Religious beliefs and differences Political differences Breakdowns in the criminal justice system Stress
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Child maltreatment is defined as
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any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
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2 types Child Maltreatment
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Child Abuse and Child Neglect
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Child Maltreatment: Child Abuse
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Child abuse refers to acts of commission or deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child.
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Child Maltreatment: Child Neglect
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Neglect is an act of omission, meaning failure to provide for a child.
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Blood Alcohol Concentration aka BAC
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Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume
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The legal limit for BAC is
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0.08 percent in all states.
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Both breath analysis (breathalyzer tests) and urinalysis are used to
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determine whether an individual is legally intoxicated, but blood tests are more accurate.
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Learned behavioral tolerance
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even though BAC may be quite high, the individual has learned to modify his behavior to appear sober.
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Alcoholism or alcohol dependence occurs when
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alcohol use is so severe that stopping alcohol results in withdrawal symptoms.
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Identifying an Alcoholic
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Craving, loss of control, tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify a drinker as an addict.
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Absorption
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About 20 percent of absorption occurs in the stomach. About 80 percent of absorption occurs in the small intestine.
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Factors that influence absorption
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Concentration of the drink Amount consumed Food in the stomach Mood
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Alcohol contains *________*per gram.
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7 calories per gram
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How lang does it take to remove one drink?
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The breakdown of alcohol is fairly constant at *about 0.5 ounce per hour*, about one standard drink.
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Vital functions become noticeably affected, and in extreme cases, *________*can result.
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Vital functions become noticeably affected, and in extreme cases, *coma and death* can result.
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Alcohol depresses central nervous system (CNS) functions.
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Alcohol *depresses* central nervous system (CNS) functions.
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Nicotine is
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Highly addictive, psychoactive substance CNS stimulant
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Nicotine poisoning is
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Tobacco Addiction
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2 types of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
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Mainstream Sidestream
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Mainstream
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smoke drawn through tobacco while inhaling.
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Sidestream
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smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or smoke exhaled by a smoker - Contains twice as much tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia than mainstream smoke. - Causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant.
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Lung cancer is the leading *________* of cancer death.
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Lung cancer is the leading *cause* of cancer death.
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Of lung cancers, *________* percent are caused by smoking tobacco.
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Of lung cancers, 8*5-90* percent are caused by smoking tobacco.
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*________* can take 10-30 years to develop, and most cases are not diagnosed until the cancer has spread.
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Lung cancer
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Smoking just one cigar a day can *________* the risk of several cancers.
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Smoking just one cigar a day can *double* the risk of several cancers.
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*________*tobacco is responsible for the majority of new oral cancers, which can begin as leukoplakia.
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*Chewing tobacco* is responsible for the majority of new oral cancers, which can begin as leukoplakia.
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Five-year survival rate is only 16 percent for
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Lung cancer
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Other tobacco-induced cancers include
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pancreatic, kidney, bladder, lip, tongue, esophagus, and larynx
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Smokers have a *________* percent higher death rate from heart disease than do nonsmokers.
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Smokers have a *70* percent higher death rate from heart disease than do nonsmokers.
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Daily cigar smoking *________*the risk of heart attack and stroke.
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Daily cigar smoking *doubles* the risk of heart attack and stroke.
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The American Heart Association now focuses more on rather *________________ than mortality rates and the disease process.
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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
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Smoking contributes to *________* diseases by adding the equivalent of *________* years of aging to the arteries.
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Smoking contributes to *heart diseases* by adding the equivalent of *10* years of aging to the arteries.
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Smokers are *________*as likely to suffer strokes.
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Smokers are *twice* as likely to suffer strokes.
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What Causes Cancer?
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- Tobacco use - Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity - Stress and psychosocial risks - Inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments - Drug and alcohol consumption - *Excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens*
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke
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It contains more than 50 carcinogens
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Tar and Carbon Monoxide
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Tar is the carcinogenic particulate matter
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Cigars
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Contain 23 poisons and *43 carcinogens*
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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
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ICH is defined as the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of the these behavioral and health factor metrics: Behaviors: Not smoking Sufficient physical activity A healthy diet pattern An appropriate energy balance and normal body weight
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The American Heart Association now focuses more on ____________________ rather than mortality rates and the disease process.
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ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
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Daily cigar smoking doubles the risk of heart attack and stroke
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Daily cigar smoking *doubles the risk of heart attack* and stroke
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Risk of *_________* falls by half after only 1 year without smoking.
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Risk of *heart attack* falls by half after only 1 year without smoking.
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Over *_________* new and recurrent heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) occur each year.
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Over *1 million* new and recurrent heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) occur each year.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) describes
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diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects.
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CVD is the cause of over *____________* of all deaths in the United States
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CVD is the cause of over *33 percent* of all deaths in the United States
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Health factors of CVD:
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Having optimal total cholesterol without medication Having optimal blood pressure without medication Having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
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Cardiovascular Diseases
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Hypertension Coronary Heart Disease Angina Pectoris (chest pain) Arrhythmias Heart Failure Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
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Hypertension
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*Systolic blood pressure* is the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure in the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts. *Diastolic blood pressure* indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity. High blood pressure
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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Greatest killer, causing nearly 1 in every 6 deaths in the United States - Brought on by a blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery - When blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in corresponding oxygen flow.
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Angina Pectoris (chest pain)
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- Occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure. - Mild cases may be treated with rest. - Drugs can dilate veins and provide pain relief. -Calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms. - Beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle
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Arrhythmias
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An irregularity in the heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly.
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Tachycardia is
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an abnormally fast heart beat.
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Bradycardia is
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an abnormally slow heart beat.
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Heart Failure
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- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked - lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body - blood and fluids back up into the lungs and other body tissues.
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Stroke "cerebrovascular accident"
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Seven million Americans suffer strokes every year; almost 129,000 people die each year from strokes. Blood supply to brain is interrupted.
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Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
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are brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment. -Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred vision, slurred speech, and others.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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important clinical tool for examining health of heart; graphic depiction of electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time
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Malignant tumors
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not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells.
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Blood Flow within the Heart
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- Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart. - Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle. - The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts.
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Stages of Cancer
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stage 0 is in situ cancer; stage 1 is localised cancer, although further local spread may take it to stage 2; stage 2 also usually includes spread to the nearest lymph nodes; stage 3 usually indicates more extensive lymph node involvement stage 4 always indicates distant spread.
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Chambers of the heart
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right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle
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Atria are the heart's two
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upper chambers, which receive blood.
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Ventricles are the heart's two
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lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels.
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Oncogenes
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cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated
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Pancreatic Cancer
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- Most patients die within 1 year of diagnosis, and only 6 percent survive 5 years. - Tobacco use appears to be a key risk factor, along with obesity, consumption of high-levels of red meat, and a high-fat diet. - Few early symptoms, and no reliable test in its early stages. - By the time it is diagnosed, it is too far advanced to treat.
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About ___________ people were diagnosed with skin cancer in 2013.
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3.5 million
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Skin cancer that highly curable
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basal or squamous
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More lethal skin cancer
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malignant melanoma
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90% of skin cancers are treated with _________
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surgery, Radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery
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ABCD rule about melanoma
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Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter
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Vaccines consist of
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killed or weakened versions of the disease-causing microorganism or an antigen that is similar to but less dangerous than the disease antigen
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3 different types of immunity:
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Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Given orally or by injection
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Naturally acquired active immunity
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Obtained by exposure to antigens in the normal course of daily life
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Occurs when a mother passes immunity to her fetus via shared blood supply or breast milk
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Antigens
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substances capable of triggering an immune response.
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Examples of Antigens
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a virus, a bacteria, a fungus, a parasite, a toxin or tissue from another organism
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Pathogens
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Disease-causing agents found in air and food and on nearly every object or person.
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Types of Pathogens
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- Staphylococcal infections - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Streptococcal infections (strep throat) - Meningitis (bacterial, viral, fungal) - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis (TB) - Tick-borne bacterial diseases
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Virus
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- Incapable of carrying out any life processes on their own; to reproduce must invade and inject their own RNA or DNA into a host cell. - Diagnosis can be difficult because some viruses have incubation periods (the time from infection to symptoms) that can last years. - Drugs powerful enough to kill viruses generally kill the host cells.
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Viruses are the smallest known _______
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pathogens
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Types of Viruses
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The common cold Influenza Hepatitis: three different types A HAV B HBV C HCV
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Four cardinal signs of inflammation
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redness, swelling, pain, and heat
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Treatment for bacteria caused diseases
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Diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.
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Mold
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an emerging form of air pollutant. exposure causes nasal stuffiness, eye/skin irritation, wheezing, fever, and shortness of breath.
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Radon is
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the second leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, each year. Found in soil and water
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Acid deposition is
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Replacing the term acid rain. It refers to the deposition of wet and dry acidic components that fall to the earth in dust or smoke.
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Six Common Air Pollutants
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1. Sulfur dioxide 2. Particulates 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Nitrogen dioxide 5. Ground level ozone 6. Lead
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Primary Care Practitioner
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Provides preventive care and treats routine ailments, gives general medical advice, and makes appropriate referrals when necessary
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Physician Assistant (PA)
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Health care practitioner trained to handle most routine care under the supervision of a physician
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Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
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Usually the least expensive form of managed care, but most restrictive
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Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
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Networks of independent doctors and hospitals that contract to provide care at discounted rates
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Point of Service (POS)
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A hybrid of HMOs and PPOs
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Short-term exposure to loud noise reduces
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concentration and productivity and may affect mental and emotional health.
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Prolonged exposure can lead to
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hearing loss.
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Medicare
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A federal insurance program that covers 99 percent of people over age 65, all totally and permanently disabled people (after a waiting period), and all people with end-stage kidney failure.
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Medicaid
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Funded jointly by federal and state funds. Covers approximately 58 million low-income people, including many who are pregnant, blind, disabled, elderly, or eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
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Rights as a patient
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- Access to providers, facilities, and treatments - Access to quality health insurance - Information consent - Access to all their personal records - Confidentiality
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