question

VO2 max

answer

ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs -also called maximum oxygen update

question

Cardiac output

answer

quantity of blood flow from the heart

question

Social control

answer

restraints on behavior imposed by social obligations and relationships

question

Graduated driver licensing (GDL)

answer

government program in which young people obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record, rather than all at once

question

Unstructured Socializing

answer

socializing with friends without any specific goal or activity; includes behavior such as riding around in a car for fun, going to parties, visiting friends informally, and going out with friends

question

Postformal thinking

answer

the stage of cognitive development that follows formal operations and includes advances in pragmatism and reflective judgement

question

Pragmatism

answer

theory of cognitive development proposing that postformal thinking involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations

question

Dialectical thought

answer

kind of thinking in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit

question

Reflective judgment

answer

capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments, theorized to develop during emerging adulthood

question

Tertiary education

answer

education beyond secondary school

question

Identity vs. identity confusion

answer

crisis of adolescence where one either establishes a clear and definite identity, or experiences identity confusion which is a failure to form a stable secure identity

question

Identity status model

answer

classifying identity development into four categories: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, or identity achievement

question

Diffusion

answer

identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment

question

Foreclosure

answer

have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices.-commitment but no exploration

question

Moratorium

answer

involves exploration but no commitment

question

Stereotype

answer

belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group

question

Cohabitation

answer

unmarried romantic partners living together

question

T cells

answer

immune cells produced by the thymus that fight disease in the body

question

B cells

answer

immune cells that originates in bone marrow and produce antibodies that destroy bacteria and viruses

question

Basal metabolic rate

answer

amount of energy the body uses when at rest

question

Aerobic exercise

answer

exercise that involves vigorous movement that substantially elevates the heart rate for at least 30 minutes

question

Intimacy vs. Isolation

answer

central emotional and psychosocial issue of young adulthood in which the challenge is to unite the newly formed identity with another person in an enduring committed intimate relationship

question

Triangular theory of love

answer

sternbergs theory of three fundamental qualities of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment

question

Bride price

answer

economic requirement for marriage that involves a substantial gift of money or property from the groom and his kin to the bride and her kin

question

Bride service

answer

marital arrangement in which the groom is obligated to work for the bride's family for a designated period before or after the marriage

question

Dowry

answer

marriage custom that transfers money or property from the bride's family to the groom and his family

question

Co-wives

answer

the multiples wives of a husband

question

Expressive divorce

answer

type of divorce common in the west today, in which people expect marriage to fulfill their emotional needs for love and intimacy and if it ceases to do so they often seek divorce

question

Singlism

answer

negative stereotype of single people that lead to them being discriminated against and treated dismissively

question

Second shift

answer

term for domestic work that women must perform after they complete their shift in the workplace

question

Climacteric

answer

changes in the reproductive system that occur in middle adulthood, for women the cessation of ovulation and menstruation (menopause) and for men the gradual decline in the number and quality of sperm

question

Atherosclerosis

answer

condition where plaque builds up on coronary arteries causing passage of blood in arteries to become constricted

question

Fluid Intelligence

answer

type of intelligence that involves information processing abilities such as short term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and speed of synthesizing new information

question

Crystallized intelligence

answer

accumulation of a person's culturally-based knowledge, language, and understanding of social conventions, including vocabulary, cultural information stored in long term memory, and logical reasoning abilities

question

Generativity vs. stagnation

answer

the central crisis of middle adulthood, characterized by two alternatives: the motivation to contribute to the well-being of the generations to come (generativity) or focusing on narrow self-interest without concern for the good of others (stagnation)

question

Glass ceiling

answer

unspoken limit on career advancement of a category of women due to discrimination

question

Burnout

answer

state of becoming disillusioned, frustrated, and tired of one's job

question

Activities of daily living

answer

daily requirements of life for adults such as bathing, dressing, food preparation and eating, housekeeping, and paying bills

question

Gerontologist

answer

researcher on aging

question

Functional age

answer

age that indicates the actual competence and performance of older adults; may be higher or lower than chronological age

question

Old-age dependency ratio

answer

the ratio of persons age 65 and over to persons age 20-64

question

Primary aging

answer

inevitable biological aging that takes place in all living conditions

question

Secondary aging

answer

decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution

question

Cataracts

answer

progressive thickening of the lens of the eye that cause vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted

question

Macular degeneration

answer

loss of clarity in the center of the visual field, due to aging of the visual system

question

Glaucoma

answer

loss of peripheral vision due to buildup of fluid that damages the optic nerve

question

Tinnitus

answer

problem in the auditory system that entails hearing a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source

question

Sleep apnea

answer

breathing stops for 10 seconds or more numerous times in the course of a typical night as the air passage to the lungs closes , resulting in a sudden loud snore as the airway opens again and the sleeper awakens

question

Hypertension

answer

high blood pressure, often due to a combination of primary and secondary aging

question

Active life span

answer

number of years of physical functioning favorable enough for people to enjoy their lives and perform most of their daily activities without impairment

question

Sustained attention

answer

ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time

question

Dementia

answer

neurological condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life

question

Alzheimers disease

answer

type of dementia that has a distinctive pattern of structural decline in the brain involving the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the development of neurofibrillary tangles

question

Selective optimization with compensation

answer

response to aging that entails selecting valued activities and dropping others; optimizing performance in the remaining activities; and compensating for physical and cognitive declines, by developing new strategies or by using technology

question

Ego integrity vs. despair

answer

the central crisis of late adulthood, with alternatives of ego integrity which means looking back on one's life and accepting it for better and worse, or despair which entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one's life

question

Socioemotional selectivity theory

answer

theory that older adults maximize their emotional well being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts

question

e-health

answer

use of the internet and electronic devices to enhance communication between health providers and patients, especially older adults

question

During emerging adulthood, individuals move away from their family geographically, socially, and emotionally. According to your text, this process is called

answer

recentering

question

The General Social Survey found that what percentage of Americans believe that men should hold the power and be out in the world doing things while women should focus on caring for children and running the household?

answer

25-33%

question

A negative correlation was found between the number of hours per week spent online and _________ in a study of college students in the United Kingdom.

answer

grades

question

According to the text, what percentage of Italians aged 15 to 24 years of age live with their parents?

answer

94%

question

What percentage of emerging adults report never using contraception?

answer

10%

question

Self-esteem increases as individuals leave adolescence. Which of the following is a social factor that has been shown to boost self-esteem?

answer

leaving the social pressure cooker of secondary school

question

College students were surveyed about sleep disturbances. What percentage of students reported frequent difficulties with insomnia and insufficient sleep?

answer

25%

question

What is related to whether or not a person can be classified as high in morningness or eveningness, that is, their preference for either going to bed early and waking up early or going to bed late and waking up late?

answer

growth hormone

question

When does cardiac output reach its peak?

answer

25 years

question

What percentage of 18- to 24-years-olds agreed with the statement "I am very sure that someday I will get to where I want to be in life" (Hornblower, 1997)?

answer

96%

question

Which of the following time periods has the greatest degree of residential change in America?

answer

emerging adulthood

question

The immune system is most effective during ____

answer

emerging adulthood

question

According to surveys, how did the majority of emerging adults respond when asked, "Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?"

answer

in some ways

question

The college or university experience for many Japanese students taking courses in Japan can be best described as ____.

answer

four years of university-sanctioned leisure to think and explore

question

Japanese students spend _______ less time on their homework during college than they spent on it during high school.

answer

50%

question

When must students who are attending European colleges and universities declare a major?

answer

before they enter university

question

When a person's thinking involves understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue and comparing the merits of competing views, he or she is engaging in what type of thinking?

answer

relativism

question

Kay and Neil's daughter is getting divorced, and she is moving into an apartment with her two children across town. Considering their daughter is now a single mother, Kay and Neil will probably ___________.

answer

see their grandchildren more frequently

question

With regard to sexuality, American adults in their forties and fifties ____.

answer

have sexual intercourse, but less frequently than emerging adults do

question

Job satisfaction peaks during middle adulthood, particularly at what age?

answer

50s

question

In the United States, what percentage of emerging adults receive some level of financial support from their middle adulthood parents?

answer

66%

question

Fluid intelligence cannot be trained or taught and is a ____ quality of the nervous system.

answer

biologically based

question

An example of how perceptual speed can be assessed is timing how quickly a person ____.

answer

presses a button in response to a sound

question

Studies on reaction time have shown that midlife adults take a few ____ longer than younger adults to respond to lights and sounds by pressing a button.

answer

milliseconds

question

Crystallized intelligence peaks during what period of life?

answer

middle adulthood

question

A study that began in 1956 that examined 5,000 young and middle adults and continues to this day is the

answer

Seattle Longitudinal Study

question

Your grandmother is experiencing very strong menopausal symptoms. She is 62 years old and is a breast cancer survivor. You know that hormone replacement therapy can help with severe menopausal symptoms. What would be your advice? She should ____.

answer

definitely not use HRT

question

In terms of American ethnic groups, women of ____ report the highest rate of hot flashes as a result of menopause.

answer

African descent

question

What percentage of bone mass do women lose from middle adulthood onward?

answer

50%

question

Developmentally speaking, when are individuals likely to notice that it is more difficult to perceive images in sharp focus and to see in dim light?

answer

middle adulthood

question

In regards to placing an elderly parent in a nursing home or assisted living facility, which of the following best describes the sentiments of most Asian countries?

answer

It is something shameful and should be avoided if possible.

question

Your great aunt is very disturbed because she just learned that your 76-year-old great uncle occasionally masturbates. She thinks that there is something wrong with him. Is there?

answer

No, about 50% of men over age 70 masturbate.

question

Adults over age 55 are less likely than any younger age group to report symptoms that fit the diagnosis of

answer

major depressive disorder

question

Marital satisfaction generally reaches its peak during ____.

answer

late adulthood

question

____ Americans over age 65 attend religious services weekly.

answer

About 40-50%

question

Smith and Freund (2002) examined the "possible selves" of Germans who were between 70 and 103 years old over a four-year period and found that they ____.

answer

still had goals for self-development that they wanted to achieve

question

According to the text, sleep apnea is ____.

answer

substantially more common among men than among women

question

It is estimated that roughly ____ of individuals over age 65 have some degree of impairment in taste and smell.

answer

1/4

question

Older adults who have hearing loss may find having conversations with others strenuous and stressful. According to the text, due to their hearing loss they may:

answer

engage in social withdrawal

question

Your grandmother explains to you how to use her new smart phone. You ask her where she learned to use her new phone but she cannot recall. Trying her best, she can only tell you how it works. It is clear that your grandmother has limited ____.

answer

source memory

question

____ is the only true and definitive way of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease

answer

an autopsy

question

____ is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

answer

alzheimers disease

question

There is a strong positive correlation between wisdom and ____.

answer

educational level

question

According to Donald Super, it is during the ____ stage that adults continue to gain expertise and seek advancement into higher-status positions as expertise grows.

answer

consolidation

question

Starling is 23 years old and has recently graduated with his bachelor's degree in psychology. He has applied to several graduate programs but has been denied by all of them. Now Starling is seeking employment and would like to find a job that leads to a promising career. Less than ideal, he applied for a position as an academic advisor at a community college, was offered a job, and accepted the position. Which stage of Donald Super's theory of occupational development is Starling in?

answer

implemenation

question

There has been great progress for women within the last 100 years; however, jobs held mainly by women tend to be in the ____.

answer

service sector

question

For women, masturbation peaks during their ____.

answer

30s

question

Which of the following is a major contributor to the increasing obesity rates in developing countries?

answer

the adoption of western foods

question

As described by the author, young people from their early teens to their late 20s who live in developed nations agreed that the most important markers of the transition to adulthood are ____.

answer

accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent

question

According to anthropological research, how many young people in developed countries believe that marriage is an important marker of the transition into adulthood?

answer

very few

question

_____ is viewed by most young individuals in Israel as the most important criterion for adulthood.

answer

completing military service

question

Your sister has a very high intelligence quotient (IQ) and just began a new job. It is a perfect fit for her; however, she has been stressed about how she will perform. What could you tell her to reassure her?

answer

She has no reason to worry. Research has found that people in the highest 25% in IQ will do well in their careers.

question

According to Piaget, the culmination of cognitive maturation is the attainment of formal operations that occurs around age ____.

answer

20

question

____ asserted that people in non-Western cultures may have quite different ideas about what constitutes intelligence than people in Western cultures

answer

Robert Sternberg

question

Dendritic connections between neurons are pared down through a process called ____.

answer

synaptic pruning

question

____does not continue to rise throughout life because "familiarity breeds rigidity."

answer

creativity

question

Which of the following individuals was one of the original developers of the Stanford Binet test?

answer

Lewis Terman

question

Creativity is difficult to measure because ____.

answer

creativity is intuitive, and therefore difficult to conceptualize

question

Delay in marriage and childbearing due to

answer

-Birth control pill -Sexual revolution -Increased education -Opportunities for women

question

Features of emerging adulthood

answer

-Age of identity explorations -Age of instability -Self-Focused -Age of feeling in-between -Age of possibilities

question

Europe

answer

longest emerging adulthood

question

Western vs. Asia

answer

Financial independence vs. Supporting parents financially

question

Dialetical thinking

answer

crisis, a time of danger also a time of opportunity

question

Pragmatism

answer

"Intellectual progress usually occurs through the shear abandonment of questions. We do not solve them. We get over them." -John Dewey

question

Tertiary education

answer

-Dramatic increases worldwide -Rates much lower in developing countries -Countries vary in declaring "major" -Tuition rates and time higher in US -Increased earnings and cognitive abilities

question

Gender differences in academics

answer

-60% of students in universities are women -New female graduates earn 82% of what male graduates earn

question

The boomerang generation

answer

-most educated generation in history -40% of emerging adults who leave home "return to the nest"

question

Helicopter Parents ; Emerging-Adult Children

answer

-Some parents providing support (financial, advice, emotional) numerous times a week -Both parents and emerging adults viewed this as nonnormative -Societal change: nonnormative -;normative -Adult children with intense parental support had higher life satisfaction and well-being

question

Religious Development: Smith and Snell (2010)

answer

-Beliefs stronger than behavior -Belief in God more important than doctrine -More tolerant -Higher well-being; less risk behaviors

question

homogamy

answer

like attracts like

question

Sexuality

answer

-One sexual partner/past year common pattern -Active abstainers vs. accidental abstainers -Premarital sex highest in Western and African countries; lowest in Asian and Arab -Higher rates of hooking up ;Peak for STIs

question

Expertise

answer

10 years speed and efficiency

question

Intimacy and identity

answer

positively correlated Especially for men

question

Attachment security

answer

correlated with both identity and intimacy

question

Distress-relief dynamic

answer

distress-;support-;relief-;repeat

question

Phases of Attachment Formation

answer

-Preattachment -Attachment-in-the-making ;Secondary attachment figure -Clear-cut attachment ;Heightened attachment behaviors -Goal-corrected partnership ;Primary attachment figure ;Co-regulation of each other

question

secure

answer

Child is confident of caregiver's availability and responsiveness, and can use caregiver as secure base for exploration. Most (60-70%) infants show this

question

Anxious ambivalent

answer

Child separates form the caregiver reluctantly but shows ambivalence toward caregiver after a separation.

question

Avoidant

answer

Child shows contradictory features of several patterns of anxious attachment or appears dazed and disoriented.

question

Higher Attachment Anxiety

answer

-Ruminate about rejection -Focused on needs -Needy; Overeager -Self-disclose too much -Overestimate similarity and intimacy -Appear dependent

question

Higher Attachment Avoidance

answer

-Detached -Less expressive -Less attentive -More "game-playing" -Less self-disclosure -Less commitment; -underestimate intimacy -Appear independent

question

Women's Education ; Marriage

answer

-In 20th century, college educated women less likely to marry, more likely to divorce -2010: college educated women less likely to marry but also less likely to divorce -By 2012: college educated women as likely to marry and less likely to divorce

question

Childless young adults and adults who never marry compared to divorce

answer

report higher emotional well-being

question

Self-development

answer

peaks in middle-adulthood

question

collectivist cultures

answer

close relations to others, living with, traditional cultures

question

Individualistic cultures

answer

living apart-western cultures

question

Midlife crisis

answer

25% of American report

question

Sandwich generation

answer

-middle adulthood -caught between caring for adult children and aging parents

question

How can you as the "sandwiched" avoid the negatives?

answer

-Self-care -Utilize resources -Nurture your other significant relationships

question

Divorce

answer

-Most divorce occurs in first 10 years of marriage -Midlife divorce tended to "fall out of love" ;Many felt marriage over for years -Women ;Only 1/3 remarry ;Poorer financial status

question

Job satisfaction

answer

peaks mid adulthood

question

Young old

answer

65-74

question

old old

answer

75-84

question

oldest old

answer

85+

question

Women outnumber men in all substages

answer

oldest old: more than 2:1

question

Telomeres

answer

shortening ends of chromosomes

question

Elder Abuse: A Growing Concern

answer

-In 2000, Adult Protective Services collected 472,813 calls regarding elder abuse ;Increased 300% since 1986 -This is also becoming a global issue: 9.6% = Germany 12.4% = Italy 8.2% = South Korea -Great variability in numbers -Massive Under-reporting

question

Retirement

answer

Median retirement age is 60-63 Retiring impacted by Finances, physical health, and job satisfaction 25% have adjustment difficulties More likely if involuntary Part-time work

question

Formal operations is fully attained and cognitive maturation is complete by ____.

answer

age 20 at the latest

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