question

G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a

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A) period so turbulent that it resembles the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings.

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Wayne believes that teenagers are naturally rebellious and full of rage because of the biological changes of puberty. Waynes beliefs are consistent with the theory that

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the biological upheaval of puberty triggers heightened emotionality, conflict, and defiance

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According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, _____________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences.

answer

the social environment

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Most researchers today believe that adolescent development is

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influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces.

question

On average, girls reach puberty

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2 years earlier than boys.

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Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle and body growth and notices the growth of facial and body hair. Which of the following hormones is responsible for this change?

answer

testosterone

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The first outward sign of puberty is

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the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt.

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Boys show superior athletic performance during the teenage years because

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they develop larger skeletal muscles, hearts, and lung capacity than girls.

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Which of the following statements is true of physical skill in midadolescence?

answer

Few girls perform as well as the average boy.

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Brian is a star high school athlete, who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening also indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure. Brians symptoms are consistent with

answer

anabolic steroid use.

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Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

answer

pubic hair

question

Female puberty usually begins with

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the budding of the breasts and the growth spurt.

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Male puberty usually begins with

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enlargement of the testes.

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One landmark of male physical maturity is

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the deepening of the voice.

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Mary and Ashley are identical twins. Abbie and Chandra are fraternal twins. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the timing of puberty?

answer

Mary and Ashley will reach menarche within a month or two of each other.

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Girls exposed to family conflict tend to reach menarche __________, whereas those with warm family ties tend to reach menarche __________.

answer

early; relatively late

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Which of the following statements about secular trends in pubertal development is true?

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In industrialized nations, the age of menarche declined steadily from 1900 to 1970

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During puberty, the neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents

answer

react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.

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Research indicates that adolescents need about ______ hours of sleep each night.

answer

9

question

Fifteen-year-old Kurt is often sleep-deprived. Research indicates that Kurt will

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perform especially poorly on cognitive tasks during morning hours.

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Some evidence suggests that _______________ families may better prepare girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity.

answer

African-American

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Which of the following is true about the onset of menarche and spermarche?

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Almost all girls eventually tell a friend that they are menstruating, but fewer boys tell anyone about spermarche.

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Initiation ceremonies in industrialized nations, such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceaera in Hispanic communities, have less effect on the timing of puberty than initiation ceremonies in tribal and village societies because they

answer

usually do not lead to a meaningful change in social status.

question

Western adolescents are granted partial adult status upon the happening of many different events, including

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voting.

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Which of the following is true about adolescent moodiness?

answer

Adolescent mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

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Seventeen-year-old Emily is more likely to experience positive emotions when she

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engages in self-chosen leisure activities.

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____________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure of young people from the family group that takes place in nonindustrialized cultures.

answer

Psychological distancing

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Ann is having more frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. If they argue over typical parentadolescent issues, these disagreements are most likely

answer

about everyday matters, such as driving, dating partners, and curfew.

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Taylor is popular with agemates, holds many leadership positions in school, and is an athletic star. Taylor displays characteristics consistent with a(n)

answer

early-maturing boy.

question

Randy is viewed by both adults and peers as anxious, overly talkative, and attention-seeking. Maria is viewed by both groups as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which of the following is likely to be true?

answer

Randy and Maria are both late-maturing teens.

question

Which of the following is true about the role of physical attractiveness and the timing of puberty in Western society?

answer

The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the early developer.

question

Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who

answer

match their own level of biological maturity.

question

During the adolescent growth spurt,

answer

girls require somewhat less protein than boys because of their smaller size and muscle mass.

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Frequency of ____________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in adolescents.

answer

family meals

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___________ is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

answer

Anorexia nervosa

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About _____ percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia nervosa.

answer

1

question

Boys account for about _____ percent of cases of anorexia.

answer

10

question

Which of the following parentchild relationships is common among anorexic teenagers?

answer

overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers

question

Treating anorexia is difficult because victims

answer

generally deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.

question

The most successful treatment for anorexia usually involves

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family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances.

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Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by purging. Carlie suffers from

answer

bulimia nervosa.

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Bulimia is usually easier to treat than anorexia because

answer

bulimics usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits.

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Bulimia is usually treated by

answer

therapy that focuses on nutrition education.

question

Compared to other cultures, North American adolescents have

answer

relatively restrictive sexual attitudes.

question

About _____ percent of young people report getting information from parents about intercourse, pregnancy prevention, and sexually transmitted disease.

answer

50

question

When adolescents ask questions or offer opinions about sex, adults should

answer

use correct terms for body parts and remain nonjudgmental.

question

About _______ percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse.

answer

50

question

Early sexual activity is more common among young people from

answer

economically disadvantaged homes.

question

Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activity because they

answer

fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations.

question

Studies show that ________ makes an important contribution to homosexuality.

answer

heredity

question

Compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men tend to be _______ in birth order and have a(n) _______ number of older brothers.

answer

later; higher-than-average

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to teens who identify as gay or lesbian.

question

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?

answer

Angelo, who is African American

question

Many gay men and women first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation between the ages of _______, when they discovered _______________.

answer

6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender

question

Many homosexual adolescents and adults move through a three-phase sequence in coming out to themselves and others. Those three phases are

answer

feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance.

question

Michelle is a 19-year-old who has reached self-acceptance about being a lesbian. The greatest predictor of her favorable adjustment will be

answer

the level of understanding and support provided by her parents.

question

In the United States, roughly how many cases of AIDS originate during adolescence?

answer

1 out of 5

question

Which of the following statements is true about the spread of STDs, including AIDS?

answer

It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.

question

Studies show that 60 percent of middle school students and 90 percent of high school students are aware of the basic facts about AIDS but

answer

are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against other STDs.

question

Teenage pregnancies are a far greater problem today than several decades ago because

answer

adolescents are far less likely to marry before childbirth, increasing the negative consequences for both mother and baby.

question

Which of the following statements is true about intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood?

answer

Intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood is far greater when teenage mothers remain unmarried.

question

Which of the following factors is associated with intergenerational continuity in adolescent pregnancy and parenthood?

answer

father absence

question

By the end of high school, 50 percent of teenagers have experimented with illegal drugs. These numbers

answer

represent a substantial decline since the mid-1990s, probably resulting from increased focus on the hazards of drug use.

question

Adolescent drug experimentation

answer

should not be taken lightly because drug use can lead to permanent injury or death.

question

Which of the following statements describes a minimal drug experimenter?

answer

They are usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people.

question

According to Piaget, around age 11, young people enter the formal operational stage of development, in which they

answer

are able to come up with new, general logical rules through internal reflection.

question

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development

answer

no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.

question

Kia, age 14, uses hypothetic-deductive reasoning. Therefore, she probably

answer

makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical, testable inferences from that hypothesis.

question

Which of the following is true about a school-age childs ability to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

answer

She can understand that hypotheses must be confirmed by appropriate evidence.

question

Fifteen-year-old Kai is able to evaluate the logical of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances. According to Piaget, Kai is demonstrating

answer

propositional thought.

question

Seven-year-old Adea is asked to evaluate evidence about a hypothesis. She will probably

answer

deal with only one or two possible variables and be unable to deal with three or more

question

Maddy, age 7, is presented with the following statement: If rats are bigger than cats and cats are bigger than mice, then rats are bigger than mice. She will probably judge such reasoning to be

answer

false because not all relations specified occur in real life.

question

With respect to propositional thought, young children have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they

answer

fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning.

question

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Max is likely to

answer

justify his reasoning by explaining the rules on which it is based

question

The primary factor that prevents college students and adults from displaying formal operational thinking in some situations is that

answer

they do not have enough experience and practice in using such reasoning.

question

Which individual is most likely to master formal operational tasks?

answer

Geni, an American high school student

question

In adolescence, the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase. As a result,

answer

more information can be held at once in working memory and combined into increasingly complex, efficient representations.

question

Brady is a first grader. When presented with conflicting evidence in a problem, he will probably

answer

distort the evidence so that it is consistent with his preferred theory.

question

Researchers believe that sophisticated ______________ is vital for scientific reasoning.

answer

metacognitive understanding

question

Adolescents who believe they are the focus of everyones attention are experiencing

answer

the imaginary audience.

question

As a result of the imaginary audience, adolescents become

answer

extremely self-conscious.

question

The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents

answer

extreme self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism

question

Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated sense of their own importance known as

answer

the personal fable.

question

Jonathan views himself as reaching great heights of omnipotence and also sinking to unusual depths of despair. Which of the following cognitive distortions contribute to Jonathans views?

answer

the personal fable

question

Fifteen-year-old Mary has become critical of her parents and siblings, yet envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the __________ that manifests during the development of abstract reasoning.

answer

idealism

question

Korto has a difficult time making decisions. Kortos mother can best help her make rational, logical choices by encouraging her to

answer

identify the pros and cons of each choice and assess the likelihood of various outcomes.

question

In making decisions, adolescents, more often than adults,

answer

fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments.

question

Which sixth grader is most likely to report feeling less academically competent and less motivated than he did in fifth grade?

answer

Bob, who attended elementary school in fifth grade and then made a transition to middle school for sixth grade

question

Northeast Middle School emphasizes competition between students in extracurricular and academic pursuits. Which of the following is likely true?

answer

Students in school transition decline in grade point average.

question

Central Middle School has a large student body. Staff can minimize the effects of school transitions by

answer

forming smaller units within the school and providing greater extracurricular opportunities.

question

Which style of child rearing is linked to academic achievement in adolescence?

answer

authoritative

question

Adolescents whose parents engage in ____________ decision making achieve better academically.

answer

joint parentadolescent

question

High-achieving students typically have parents who

answer

are involved throughout their childs education.

question

Teenagers whose parents value achievement

answer

generally choose friends who share those values.

question

Although the achievement gap separating African-American, Hispanic, and Native-American students from white students has declined since the 1970s, mastery of basic skills remains poor because

answer

minority students too often attend underfunded schools.

question

Which high school student is most likely to show accelerated academic progress?

answer

Juan, who is assigned to a college preparatory track

question

The high school dropout rate in the U.S. is about ______ percent.

answer

10

question

The dropout rate in the U.S. is higher among __________ and is particularly high among _______________.

answer

boys than girls; lower-SES ethnic minorities

question

Students placed in general education and vocational tracks

answer

are three times more likely to drop out as students in college preparatory tracks.

question

Recent research indicates that over _____ percent of adolescents in some U.S. inner-city high schools do not graduate.

answer

60

question

Which of the following is most helpful in keeping potential dropouts in school?

answer

remedial instruction in small classes

question

To work well, vocational education must

answer

carefully integrate academic and job-related instruction.

question

High school extracurricular activities that focus on the arts, community services, and vocational development

answer

improve academic performance, self-esteem, and initiative.

question

Today, nearly _______ percent of U.S. young people earn college degrees.

answer

40

question

The good news about American high school dropouts is that about one-third of them

answer

return to finish their secondary education within a few years.

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