question

An ______ uses sound waves to create an image of a fetus.

answer

ultrasound

question

The ____ is the cluster of cells in the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into the baby.

answer

germ disc

question

is used to calculate the extent to which a characteristic is the result of genetics.

answer

heritability coefficient

question

By definition, premature infants are born prior to ____ weeks after conception.

answer

36

question

One key purpose of the amniotic fluid is to maintain a constant ______for the embryo.

answer

temperature

question

A _______ is any agent that results in abnormal prenatal development.

answer

teratogen

question

Homozygous is to heterozygous as

answer

same is to different

question

Thymine and cytosine are types of asic chemical compounds that form the double helix of a ______ molecule

answer

DNA

question

longest period of prenatal development

answer

fetus

question

If you were looking through a microscope at a normal sperm cell, you should see ____ chromosomes.

answer

23

question

involves the synthesis of results from numerous studies. tool that enables researches to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables;Analysis of many studies to estimate relations between variables Allows scientists to verify findings across many studies;Mozart effect is not true See if something is a true finding

answer

meta-analysis

question

In an experiment, the _____ variable is manipulated.

answer

independent

question

-processing theory conceptualizing humans as having mental hardware and software.

answer

Information

question

investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world

answer

correlational study

question

A _________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

answer

theory

question

A ______ is a written form of a self-report.

answer

questionare

question

Since Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position concerning the origins of mental retardation, she would most likely hypothesize that her son's mental retardation is due to

answer

...

question

Louis discovers that the experiences he has in his developmental psychology class help him to deal with the children he works with at a daycare center. This relationship is best described by Bronfenbrenner's notion of

answer

mesosystem?

question

Dr. Feldman is studying sibling rivalry. Each of his participants has been assessed every five years since 1970. Dr. Feldman's overall research design is best classified as

answer

sequential

question

How would Erik Erikson respond to the statement, "A midlife crisis is a normal part of the human life cycle"?

answer

he would agree?

question

Observes or tests one group of individuals over a long period Looking at behavior over time Helpful for development

answer

Longitudinal Studies

question

Observes or tests groups of different ages

answer

Cross-Sectional Designs

question

molecule of life

answer

DNA

question

made up of chromosomes-thread like structures made up of DNA

answer

nucleus

question

short segments of DNA-contains instructions that will help build humans segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Most ______ are the same for all people ;1% of ______ cause the differences between people Certain traits, such as intelligence and personality, are polygenic

answer

genes

question

All cells (except sperm and egg) divide through a process cell will form two new cells-cytokinesis process of dividing cell into two nuclei prophase-dna condenses, organizes and chromosome structure prometaphase-nucleuar membrane is broken down, spindle fibers grow, sister chromatid metaphase-align along center of cell-fifty yard line anaphase-separate, poles move apart telophase-nuclear membranes reappear cytokinesis-two new cells formed (mitochondria, golgi bodies, rough er)

answer

mitosis

question

Sperm and egg have a different kind of cell division must divide 2 times to create 4 gametes sperm and egg has same number of chromosomes divison 1 division 2-no dna replication

answer

meiosis

question

genes are found through multiple traits on diff parts of chromosome

answer

polygenic

question

an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell - zygote. 23 chromosomes from egg, 23 from sperm = 46 pairs

answer

fertilization

question

(interphase) G1-first growth phase of interphase S-dna in nucleus is replicated G2-cell finishes growing

answer

cell cycle

question

80 minutes

answer

mitotic phase

question

22 (eye color)

answer

autosomes

question

1 pair-23rd pair determines sex

answer

sex chromosomes

question

female

answer

xx

question

male

answer

xy

question

different forms of genes

answer

alleles

question

similar (same) dominant (brown eyes)

answer

homozygous

question

different recessive (blue eyes)

answer

heterozygous

question

most inherited disorders are carried by ____ genes Need both parents to pass on the genes Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs Disease, PKU

answer

recessive

question

traits on 23rd pair X chromosome contains more genetic info than y Recessive traits on X are passed to male offspring-colorblindness, albinism, baldness more common in males

answer

X-linked

question

chromosomal abnormalities: Trisomy 21-3rd chromosome for #21 Mental delays Speech and motor problems Vision and breathing problems Shortened lifespan-25 to 60 Decreased fertility

answer

down syndrome

question

poor beard growth breast development under-developed testes

answer

Klinefelters (XXY)

question

XYY Syndrome Triple X Turner's

answer

Abnormalities

question

twin studies DNA

answer

behavioral genetics

question

how similar are twins on particular trait twin a vs. twin b

answer

concordance rate

question

how smart you become genes and environment aren't independent genes and environment INTERACT E.g., Protein + PKU = mental delays E.g., Toxins, stress, etc. can impact our epigenome Genes can influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed

answer

behavioral genetics

question

similarities facial expressions laughing dressing

answer

epigenetics

question

the multidisciplinary study of how people change as they remain the same over time

answer

human development

question

involves the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are o Genetic influence o Environmental influence

answer

nature and nurture

question

concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the lifespan or a series of abrupt shifts o Smooth progression o Abrupt shifts o Continuity-tree o Discontinuity-caterpillar

answer

continuity and discontinuity

question

concerns whether there is just one path of development or several paths

answer

Universal and context specific development

question

• Biological forces-include all genetic and health-related factors that affect hd • Psychological forces-include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development • Sociocultural forces-include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development • Life-cycle forces-age

answer

basic forces in HD

question

useful way to organize the biological psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

answer

biopsychosocial framework

question

study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of brain behavior relationships

answer

neuroscience

question

theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages • Emphasizes that adulthood is difficult because the path has challenges • Sigmund Freud's theory-personality emerges from conflicts that children experience between what they want to do and what society wants them to do • Erik Erikson the trek to adulthood is difficult because the path is strewn with challenges theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages perspective traces its roots to Sigmund Freud's theory that personality emerges from conflicts that children experience between what they want to do and what society wants them to do

answer

psychodynamic theory

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Erikson's proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands name of each stage reflects the challenge people face at particular age

answer

psychosocial theory

question

in Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

answer

Epigenetic principle

question

concentrates on how learning influences a person's behavior

answer

learning theory

question

consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

answer

reinforcement

question

consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

answer

punishment

question

Imitation or observational learning-learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave • Humans look to others to see about appropriate behavior

answer

social learning theory

question

how people think and how thinking changes over time

answer

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

question

refers to people's beliefs about their own abilities and talents

answer

Self-efficacy

question

children naturally try and make sense of their world believed children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at a few critical points in development • Children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at a few critical points in development • Changes occur 3 times in development o Once at 2 o Second at 7 o Third just before adolescence

answer

piaget's theory

question

proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware (memories) and mental software (cognitive processes)

answer

information processing theory

question

emphasize that children's thinking doesn't develop in a vacuum but rather is influenced by sociocultural context which children grow up

answer

Vygotsky's Theory

question

environment is important

answer

The Ecological and Systems Approach

question

theory based on idea that hd is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops all aspects of development are interconnected, much like a spider web

answer

ecological theory

question

people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

answer

microsystem

question

provides connections across microsystems

answer

mesosystem

question

social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but still influence development

answer

exosystem

question

cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, and exosystem are embedded

answer

macrosystem

question

demands put on people by environment

answer

Environmental press

question

view that hd is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

answer

life-span perspective

question

• multidirectionality-devlopment involves both growth and decline; as people grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates • plasticity-one's capacity is not predetermined or carved in stone. Many skills can be learned or improved with practice, even later in life • historical context-each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up • multiple causation-how we develop results from the biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model-model in which 3 processes (slection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavior action that generates and regulates development and aging • elective selection-occurs when one chooses to reduce one's involvement to fewer domains as a result of new demands or tasks • loss-based selection-occurs when this reduced involvement happens as a result of anticipated losses in personal or environmental resources • compensation-occurs when a person's skills have decreased so that they no longer function well in a particular domain • optimization-involves minimizing losses and maximizing gains

answer

life-span perspective model

question

Gina has just given birth and hears that the Apgar score for her newborn son is a 3. As a person who understands the scoring system, she would most likely

answer

panic

question

Breast-fed babies are ill less often than bottle-fed babies.

answer

true

question

As a result of surgery, Graeme's left and right cerebral hemispheres are no longer connected. Which part of Graeme's brain was most likely the focus of the surgery?

answer

The corpus callosum

question

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tracks blood flow in the brain.

answer

true

question

Although they are often unsuccessful in getting the food into their mouth, many children first begin to experiment with finger-foods around age

answer

6 months

question

A visual cliff is designed to assess

answer

depth perception

question

Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behavior toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr. Ramone is studying

answer

temperament

question

Lotte is recovering from a serious accident that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely? Lotte's personality will be different.

answer

personality

question

If Andrew is shy when he is two-years-old, he is more likely to be ____ when he is four-years-old.

answer

shy

question

Palmer grasp-baby squeezes hand, can lift own weight at birth Rooting-if you brush cheek, they will turn head Sucking Moro- baby feels like dropping, it will flail arms Stepping

answer

newborn reflexes

question

touching cheek, will turn head and open mouth for nursing

answer

rooting

question

baby squeezes hand

answer

palmer grasp

question

baby feels like dropping and will flail arms

answer

moro

question

toes move when stroked

answer

babinski

question

starts softly and builds in volume and intensity-hungry or tired

answer

basic cry

question

intense and louder

answer

mad cry

question

loud wail, followed by long pause then gasping

answer

pain cry

question

newborns will be ____ 16-18 hours a day ___ cycle will Newborns usually follow a sleep-wake cycle of around 4 hours Awake 1 hour, asleep 3 hours By 3 or 4 months newborns can sleep 5 - 6 hours straight Newborn REM sleep 50%

answer

sleeping

question

rapid eye movement (dreaming) memory consolidation brain growth nervous system growth

answer

REM sleep

question

baby sleeps with caregiver

answer

co-sleeping

question

sudden, unexplainable death of a healthy baby The exact causes of SIDS are unknown smoking, stomach sleeping, and overheating? Risk is reduced when infants sleep on their backs sleeping on the back is best

answer

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

question

everything mom eats goes into the breast milk 6 weeks at minimum up to 6 months

answer

breast feeding

question

baby that cries and is fussy for an extend period of time often digestion problems

answer

colic

question

individual differences in mood or quality of emotional response infants personality Kagan Inhibited vs. Uninhibited

answer

temperament

question

141 people from infancy to adulthood (longitudinal) learned about temperament 9 dimensions-activity level, distractibility, quality of mood

answer

Thomas and Chess

question

3 dimensions: Surgency/extroversion - extent to which babies are happy, active, vocal, and seeking stimulation Negative affect - extent to which babies are angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, not easily soothed Effortful control - extent to which babies focus attention, not readily distracted, can inhibit responses

answer

Rothbart

question

5 senses

answer

sensation

question

way brain makes sense of information

answer

perception

question

general term for thought process

answer

cognition

question

playing infant a sound that we know infants like, infants sucking pacifier to play music-infants start to suck harder to play pleasant sound

answer

sucking paradigm

question

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

answer

operant conditioning

question

show babies two things to see if they have a preference (flowers vs. snakes)

answer

preferential looking paradigm

question

when you see something so much it becomes boring (scary movie watched repeatedly) and see if they regain attention in order to detect change

answer

habituation paradigms

question

Infants avoid threatening or foul smells Infants prefer mom's armpit to another armpit Infants prefer smell of mother's breast milk over strangers breast milk

answer

smell

question

Differentiate salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes Prefer sweet

answer

taste

question

Babies can hear in womb in 3rd trimester Newborns can discriminate phonemes - speech sounds like ba/ga, ma/na, ah/eh Newborns know the difference between their native language and another language

answer

sound

question

_____ is poor - 20/600 (or 800) vision score at birth, 20/100 by 6 months, and 20/20 by 11 months Infants discriminate black/white and can discriminate colors by 3 months

answer

vision

question

mother language to children and can be elicited to strangers dads catch on because they hear moms doing it maternal instinct allows child to think that we understand them way of BONDING with child and smiles shows infant range/pitch of voice

answer

motherese

question

infants are born with the ability to detect ____ infants will prefer mom's face

answer

faces

question

tested by a visual cliff (fake cliff) ;6 months old - notice the drop, but not fearful 6-14 months old - notice the drop and won't crawl across

answer

depth perception

question

closer objects fill greater area in retina

answer

visual expansion

question

greater disparity in retinal images=object is closer

answer

retinal disparity

question

texture of objects= coarse for nearby objects and less distinct for distant objects

answer

texture gradient

question

The brain and the rest of the nervous system consists of cells known as neurons Neurons consist of a soma, dendrites, the axon, and terminal buttons

answer

nervous system

question

By 28 weeks after conception, the brain has all the ____ it will ever have. Although neurogenesis does occur in certain brain structures

answer

neurons

question

In the 4th month of prenatal development, axons begin to form _____, which helps to speed transmission. fatty substance that coats neurons to allow them to transmit messages faster. DHA (fatty fish oil) supplements for pregnant women

answer

myelin

question

the development of new neurons

answer

neurogenesis

question

After migrating to their specific locations, neurons spin out axons and dendrites that allow for transmitting information from among the neurons. Information is transmitted by sending chemical information from one neuron to the other through small spaces between neurons called synapses. Neurotransmitters (dopamine)

answer

neurotransmitters

question

Sensory information causes infants' neurons to form many synaptic connections at a very fast pace.

answer

blooming

question

space between where neurons are

answer

synapse

question

gradual reduction in the number of synapses beginning in infancy until adolescence. During early development, 2 to 3 times more neural connections than are needed are generated. As the child grows, the extra connections that are little used are pruned or trimmed away. Those connections that remain are reorganized and strengthened making the brain more and more organized.

answer

synaptic pruning

question

the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans E.g., holding, stimulating

answer

experience expectant

question

the wiring of the brain is organized by unique experiences museums, zoos, libraries

answer

experience dependent

question

outer most part of the brain wrinkled surface

answer

cortex

question

two halves of brain

answer

hemispheres

question

connects two hemispheres

answer

corpus callosum

question

right half of brain controls left side of body

answer

contralateral control

question

has 50-100 billion neurons

answer

brain

question

The extent to which brain organization is flexible

answer

Neuroplasticity

question

motor skills that involve large muscle groups (walking, throwing) develops first

answer

gross motor skills

question

involve smaller muscle groups (grasping) takes a long time to develop

answer

fine motor skills

question

coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs signs of normal development

answer

motor skills

question

Reaches for objects with both hands Puts objects into mouth Objects passed between hands Banging two objects together

answer

4 - 8 months

question

Pick things up with pincer grasp (thumb and one finger) Transfer objects from one hand to the other Drop and pick up toys Release objects (purposefully) Put objects into and take objects out of containers with large openings Hold a spoon

answer

8-12 months

question

zippers but not buttons, potty training

answer

2-3 years

question

tying shoes

answer

6 years

question

smile at the face in the mirror but do not seem to recognize it as their own face

answer

9 months

question

infants see image in mirror and touch their own face

answer

15-24 months

question

intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior children trying to understand how the mind works and that other people have a mind with thoughts that will guide behavior (i know it so the whole world knows it)

answer

theory of mind

question

self-recognition 18 months-change in awareness and noticed red dot on head and figure out how to push cart

answer

Rouge Experiment

question

Improvements in infant memory that occur around six months after birth may be the result of development in the ____ area of the brain. memory formation

answer

hippocampus

question

According to Vygotsky, ____ speech is another term for thought.

answer

inner

question

when children define words more narrowly than adults

answer

underextension

question

when children define words more broadly than adults

answer

overexertension

question

Motherese is also known as ____ speech. speech that adults use with infants that is slow and has exaggerated changes in pitch and volume; it is thought to help babies understand language

answer

infant-directed speech

question

The unique sounds that can be joined to create words are called

answer

phonemes

question

Orienting responses tend to occur to _____ stimuli.

answer

strong and unfamiliar

question

According to Piaget, when a scheme is modified based on some experience, ____ has occurred. according to paiget, changing existing knowledge based on new technology when schemes have to be modified as a consequence of new experiences new toy needs to be lifted with two hands (cc-change and create) infants learn that some objects can be lifted with two hands or not at all

answer

accommodation

question

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n) ____ memory. memories of events in life language, self-recognition, less egocentric Preschoolers as eyewitnesses Suggestibility Source monitoring errors Interview style is important!

answer

autobiographical memories

question

Piaget argued that the first reactions by newborns were

answer

reflexive

question

movement, growth, internal parts, inheritance, illness, healing

answer

preschoolers

question

infants have an understanding of physics at infancy (2 months)

answer

naive physics

question

infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which expands based on experiences

answer

core knowledge hypothesis

question

get bored

answer

habituate

question

living things exist for a purpose (preschool)

answer

teleological explanations

question

living things have an essence (preschool)

answer

essentialism

question

of cognitive development Children make sense of the world through schemes Mental categories of related events, objects, and knowledge Objects I can suck or objects I can grasp Things I use to eat Pets Things I like Children adapt to their environment as they develop by adding and refining their schemes

answer

Piaget's theory

question

children make sense of the world through mental categories through related events, objects, and knowledge Objects I can suck or objects I can grasp Things I use to eat Pets Things I like Children adapt to their environment as they develop by adding and refining their _____

answer

scheme

question

when new experiences fit into existing scheme new toy fits into the grasping scheme

answer

assimilation

question

balance between assimilation and accommodaiton

answer

equilibrium

question

more accommodation than assimilation child accommodates too much

answer

disequilibrium

question

inadequate schemes are replaced with more advanced and mature schemes occurs three times during development, resulting in 4 stages of cognitive development

answer

equilibration

question

(birth-2 years) Infants use sensory information and motor skills to learn about the world out of sight out of mind until 8 months Object permanence (18 months old) at the end- close to two years they are using symbols (words and gestures that refer to objects/events)

answer

sensorimotor stage

question

giving innammate objects living qualities preschooler may think "the sun is happy" trying to figure out why? "rain is sad"

answer

animism

question

difficulty in seeing the world from another's point of view typical of children in the preoperational period 3 mountain task-doll placed on opposite end of table- what does the doll see? The doll sees what girl sees no concept of other person's perspective inability to understand another person's point of view or perspective

answer

egocentrism

question

centration-children will center on one aspect of a problem at exclusion of all other aspects can't reverse mentally glass with liquid poured into skinnier glass irreversibility

answer

conservation

question

Piaget underestimates cognitive ability in infants and overestimates in adolescents He does not account for variability in children's performance (all kids are same-no variation) His theory undervalues the influence of sociocultural environment

answer

criticisms of piaget's theory

question

neutral and mental structures that enable the mind to operate stored memories

answer

mental hardware

question

mental programs that allow for the performance of specific tasks attention ability to learn information ability to form and retrieve memories

answer

mental software

question

uses computer model mental hardware-neural networks, locations in brain where memories are stored mental software-gather info to store it in our brain

answer

information processing

question

when sensory information receives additional cognitive processing

answer

attention

question

lessening of the reaction to a new stimulus becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

answer

habituation

question

A neutral stimulus becomes able to elicit a response that was previously caused by another stimulus emotional responses-fear response Remember Little Albert form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response orignally produced by another stimulus

answer

classical conditioning

question

older children learn by observing others learning by watching and replicating behavior-mental software parent sticking out tongue, newborn imitating it

answer

imitation

question

information processing 2-3 months old - children remember past events, can forget them over time but remember them again with cues Memory formation - hippocampus Memory retrieval - prefrontal cortex Growth in the first 2 years moving mobile by kicking foot (operant conditioning) constructed through language

answer

memory

question

memory retrieval

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

problem remembering where you got information

answer

source monitoring error

question

Children talk to themselves as they go about difficult tasks child's comments that are not intended for others but are designed instead to help regulate the child's behavior This speech is not intended for others, but for self guidance and regulation Eventually this _____ becomes internalized and becomes inner speech... which was Vygotsky's term for thought

answer

private speech

question

smallest part of speech (t sound) Studies show that infants as early as 1 month old can distinguish between __________ Unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language consonant and vowel sounds Different languages use different sets of _________ Eventually, they lose the ability to distinguish unused and unheard _______

answer

phonemes

question

2 months-single consonant sound early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

answer

cooing

question

4-6 months, mouth formations speech like sounds that consist of vowel-consonant combinations

answer

babbling

question

first words children use their first words, usually consonant-vowel pairs such as "dada" or "wawa" ball

answer

1 year

question

receptive language is acquired (larger) before _____ language understand you before they speak

answer

expressive

question

Two- and three-word sentences begin around 18 months speech that contains only the necessary words to convey a message. Actor + action: "Katie go" Action + object: "Take me" Possessor + possession: "My bike"

answer

telegraphic speech

question

when parents introduce new words in order for children to learn meaning of new word through eye gaze and/or pointing so child can understand

answer

joint attention

question

using word too narrowly

answer

underextension

question

using a word too broadly referring to cat as a dog

answer

overextension

question

The application of rules to words that are exceptions to rules "i goed home"

answer

overregularization

question

The Behaviorist answer (nurture) Imitation and reinforcement The Linguistic answer (nature) Innate mechanisms that simplify the task of learning grammar The Cognitive answer (calculate probability) Look for patterns, detect irregularities, create rules The Social-Interactive answer (do all 3) Eclectic use of all of the explanations to describe language development

answer

grammar

question

Security in the presence of another, along with need for physical closeness

answer

attachment

question

attachment in infants is primarily a process of proximity seeking to an identified attachment figure in situations of perceived distress or alarm for the purpose of survival

answer

Bowlby

question

(Birth to 6-8 weeks) No protest when caregiver leaves. No distinguishing among different caregivers. Recognize caregiver by smell/sound. Smiling, cooing, etc. evokes reaction from parent.

answer

Preattachment

question

(6-8 weeks to 6-8 months) Smile and laugh more with primary caregiver. Soothed more easily with primary caregiver. Attachment not fully developed because there is no object permanence.

answer

attachment in the making

question

(6-8 months to 18 months) Prefers caregiver to all others. Can explore environment while "checking in" with caregiver. Protests when caregiver leaves and finds ways to keep caregivers attention.

answer

true attachment

question

(18 months on) Their increasing language and cognitive skills allow them to be a true partner in the relationship. Understand attachment figures' feelings and goals. Anticipate parents' return. Can initiate discussions/interactions ("Can you read to me?")

answer

Reciprocal Relationships

question

quality of child's attachment to caregiver Ainsworth developed this for developing and classifying different attachment styles.

answer

strange situation

question

(60-65% of U.S. babies) on the mother's return, the child is comforted, crying stops, and the child begins to explore again

answer

secure attachment

question

(20% of U.S. babies) on the mother's return the child ignores or turns away

answer

avoidant attachment

question

(15% of U.S. babies) the baby is upset and remains upset when mother returns and is difficult to console

answer

resistant attachment

question

(5-10% of U.S. babies) the child seems confused and is unsure of reaction

answer

disorganized attachment

question

Children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers Securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships with peers The conclusion is that children use early attachments as prototypes for later relationships and interactions

answer

consequences of attachment

question

Series of 8 stages Each with a unique crisis for psychosocial growth Crisis is resolved successfully, strength is established Crisis unresolved, psychosocial development is stunted First 3 stages: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) (0-1) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 - 3 years) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 5)

answer

Erikson's Stages of Development

question

Infants are dependent on caregivers to meet their needs and provide comfort The responsiveness and consistency with which caregivers meet these needs helps to develop a basic sense of trust

answer

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

question

act on world intentially Children develop a sense of control over their own actions If autonomy is not achieved, children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities

answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)

question

initiate certain play behaviors strength is purpose balance between individual initiative and willingness to cooperate Children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves Play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher, or athlete

answer

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)

question

joy, anger, and fear they are universal consist of: A subjective feeling A physiological change An overt behavior

answer

basic emotions

question

Facial expressions indicate emotional state Infants all over the world express emotions similarly By 5-6 months, infants' facial expressions change in reaction to events Close resemblance between adult and infant smiles suggest facial expressions have similar meaning

answer

measuring emotions

question

At 2-3 months, children begin smiling in response to human faces can connect with another person

answer

social smiles

question

feel pleasure and distress

answer

newborns

question

Around 6 months, children show ________ in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.

answer

stranger wariness

question

around 8-12 months children show _____ fear that primary caregiver is going somewhere and gone forever

answer

separation anxiety

question

4-6 months

answer

fear and anger

question

emerge around 18-24 months self awareness include: Guilt Embarrassment Pride

answer

complex emotions

question

Infants look to parents' face for cues to help interpret a situation understand difference between happy and fearful face At 4-6 months, infants can distinguish facial expression and the emotions they portray A positive and rewarding relationship with parents and siblings improves children's understanding of emotions

answer

social referencing

question

By 4-6 months, children can use simple strategies to regulate their emotions Older children and adolescents Become less dependent upon others to control their emotions Begin to use mental strategies to regulate emotions

answer

regulating emotions

question

beings around one year or playing alongside each other without much interaction

answer

parallel play

question

At 15-18 months, children do similar activities such as talk and smile at each other

answer

simple social play

question

at about two years hide and seek, taking turns They play different roles and interact

answer

cooperative play

question

Between 2-3, children prefer to play with peers of their own gender girls play with girls boys play with boys gender identity and understand their gender play styles are different boys-rough, competitive girls-gentle Girls have larger vocabularies and read, write, and spell better. They also have fewer language problems. Boys perform better on math achievement tests but girls get better grades in math courses. Boys are more accurate and rapid in visual-spatial tasks. Girls tend to be more compliant with the directions of adults. They also are more likely to be influenced by others. Boys are more physically aggressive in situations in which they are provoked. Girls are higher in relational aggression, or hurting others by damaging their relationships with peers. Girls are better able to express and interpret emotions

answer

gender differences

question

Play promotes cognitive development Play helps children explore topics that frighten them Imaginary playmates promote imagination and sociability Pretend play is a regular part of preschooler's play helps regulate emotions

answer

make-believe

question

Parents tend to help in activities and pretend along with young children Parents may play mediator in settling disputes Parents may also play a coaching role in diffusing aggression and competition Children whose parents engage in these activities are often more socially skillful

answer

parental influence

question

behavior that does not benefit oneself but does benefit others, such as helping and sharing Children as young as 18 months are observed to engage in empathic and altruistic behaviors helping others kids share lunch has biological root because we see it in toddlers because they don't know how to help people: biological and environment DIFFERENT FROM PIAGET'S CONCEPT BECAUSE EGOCENTRISM

answer

altruism

question

any behavior that benefits others represents evolutionary adaptation: people who help others are more likely to be helped themselves

answer

prosocial behavior

question

Parents may foster altruism by: Modeling Disciplinary practices that include reasoning, warmth, and feedback Providing opportunities to behave prosocially

answer

socialization of altruism

question

Parents tend to be equally warm and encouraging to boys and girls. Parents tend to encourage playing with dolls and dressing up more with daughters than with sons. Rough and tumble play is tolerated more in boys. Parents assign different household chores to boys and girls. The difference in treatment between boys and girls tends to be greater for fathers. Fathers punish their sons more, and are more accepting of dependence in girls.

answer

gender typing

question

By age 2-3 children identify themselves as either a boy or a girl, but they may not have gender constancy Between 4 and 7 years-of-age, children understand gender constancy - that gender does not change

answer

gender identity

question

gender does not change girls grow up to be moms, boys grow up to be dads

answer

gender constancy

question

Belief and images about males and females that may or may not be true 5-year-olds tend to believe that boys are strong and dominant and girls are emotional and gentle 18 months-distinguished 4 months-developed After preschool, children achieve more flexibility in their beliefs about gender stereotypes

answer

gender stereotypes

question

the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are

answer

nature-nuture issue

question

organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

answer

theory

question

learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future punishment vs. reinforcement

answer

operant conditioning

question

learning that occurs simply by watching how others behave

answer

imitation or observational learning

question

cognitive development theory he believes people actively try to understand what goes on in their world; the theory is "social" because along with reinforcement and punishment, what other people do is an important source of info about the world thinks people experience self-efficacy-people's beliefs about their own abilities and talents

answer

albert bandura

question

how people think and how thinking changes over time

answer

cognitive developmental theory

question

begins at birth and lasts until 2 years of age

answer

sensorimotor stage

question

theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software

answer

information processing theory

question

cognitive structures, including different memories where information is store

answer

mental hardware

question

includes organized sets of cognitive processes that enable people to complete specific tasks, such as reading a sentence, playing a video game, or hitting a baseball

answer

mental software

question

person's abilities

answer

competence

question

demands put on people by environment

answer

environmental press

question

occurs when one chooses to reduce one's involvement to fewer domains as a result of new demands or tasks when college student drops out of organization because of too much work

answer

elective selection

question

occurs when this reduced involvement happens as a result of anticipated losses in personal or environmental resources an older person stops going to church because he can no longer drive

answer

loss based selection

question

description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts The individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones impact of earlier life events, as shaped by historical events, on subsequent ones

answer

life-course perspective

question

watching people and carefully recording what they do or say

answer

systematic observation

question

technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real life situation

answer

naturalistic observation

question

technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior or interest

answer

structured observation

question

1. observing systematically 2. using tasks to sample behavior 3. asking people for self reports 4. talking physiological measured

answer

approaches to hd research

question

people's answers to questions about the topic of interest

answer

self-reports

question

extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of characteristic

answer

reliability

question

extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers think it does

answer

validity

question

broad groups of people that are interest to researchers

answer

populations

question

subset of population

answer

sample

question

investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world researcher would meausre two variables for each person, the number of friends that the person has and the person's intelligence, and then see whether the two variables are related

answer

correlational study

question

an expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables can range from -1.0-->1.0 reflects one of three possible relations between intelligence and the number of friends

answer

correlation coefficient

question

systematic way of manipulating the key factors that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior

answer

experiment

question

factor being manipulated

answer

independent variable

question

behavior being observed

answer

dependent variable

question

study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of diff ages

answer

cross-sectional study

question

problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes

answer

cohort effects

question

developmental research design based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs researcher wants to learn whether adults' memory ability changes with age

answer

sequential design

question

tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables investigators find all studies published on a topic over a period of time and then record and analyze the results and important methodological variables

answer

meta analysis

question

threadlike strucutres on the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material

answer

chromosomes

question

group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions basis of all human characteristics and abilities

answer

gene

question

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

answer

autosomoes

question

23rd pair of chromosomes determine sex of child

answer

sex chromosomes

question

molecule composed tof four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity adenine thymine guanine cytosine

answer

DNA

question

person's hereditary makeup

answer

genotype

question

physical, behavioral and psychological feautres that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment

answer

phenotype

question

variations of genes

answer

alleles

question

form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed

answer

dominant

question

allele whose instructions are ignored in presence of dominant

answer

recessive

question

situation in which one allele does not dominate another complete

answer

incomplete dominance

question

disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele

answer

sickle-cell trait

question

progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant alleles

answer

Huntington's disease

question

inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme

answer

PKU

question

branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

answer

behavioral genetics

question

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

answer

polygenetic inheritance

question

the result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals; identical twins

answer

monozygotic twins

question

the result of two separate eggs fertilized by two person, fraternal twins

answer

dizygotic twins

question

measure derived from a correlation coefficient of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited

answer

heritability coefficient

question

continuos interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment

answer

epigenesis

question

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup

answer

niche-picking

question

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

answer

nonshared environmental influences

question

many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn zygote- 1-2 weeks embryo 3-8 weeks fetus- 9-38 weeks

answer

prenatal development

question

process by which sperm and egg are mixed in a petri dish to create a zygote, which is then placed in uterus

answer

in vitro fertilization

question

effort to improve the human species by letting only people whose characteristics are valued by a society mate and pass along their genes

answer

eugenics

question

fertilized egg tetraogen exposure can cause miscarriage

answer

zygote

question

step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with blood vessels

answer

implantation

question

structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between mother and child

answer

placenta

question

term given to zygote once it is completely embedded in uterine wall can cause defects in bodily structure

answer

embryo

question

middle layer of embryo, which becomes the muscles, bones and circulatory system

answer

mesoderm

question

inner layer of the embryo which becomes the lungs and digestive system

answer

endoderm

question

inner sac which the developing child rests

answer

amnion

question

fluid that surrounds fetus

answer

amniotic fluid

question

structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to placenta

answer

umbilical cord

question

principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first

answer

cephalocaudal principle

question

principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body develop first

answer

proximodistal principle

question

longest period of prenatal development 9-38 weeks

answer

fetus

question

wrinkled suface of brain that regulates many functions that are human

answer

cerebral cortex

question

substance that protects the fetus's skin during development

answer

vernix

question

age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; 7 months

answer

age of viability

question

disorder in which tube does not close properly

answer

spina bifida

question

physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions

answer

stress

question

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

answer

teratogen

question

disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome

question

chorionic villus sampling prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion determines genetic disorders

answer

CVS

question

field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems

answer

fetal medicine

question

appearance of the top of the baby's head during labor

answer

crowning

question

1. may last from 12-24 hours-uterus starts to contract, contractions and dilation to 10 cms 2. baby passes through cervix and enters vag-mother pushes and baby comes out 3. last only minutes- mother pushes to expel the placenta

answer

stages of labor

question

new mothers experience irritation and crying spells

answer

baby blues

question

feelings of low self worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetitite, and apathy

answer

postpartum depression

question

birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen

answer

hypoxia

question

surgical removal of infant from uterus through an incision made in mother's abdomen

answer

C-section

question

babies born before the 36th week

answer

premature

question

low-newborns who weigh less than 5 pounds very low-newborns who weigh less than 3 pounds extremely low-newborns who weigh less than 2 pounds

answer

birth weight

question

number of infants out of 1,000 births who die before their first birthday

answer

infant mortality

question

unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation nervous system functioning if ___ are shown

answer

reflexes

question

assessment of newborn's status by focusing on the body systems needed to sustain life

answer

APGAR test

question

baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be inspecting the environment

answer

alert inactivity

question

state in which baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion

answer

waking activity

question

state in which baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement

answer

crying

question

state in which baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly, eyes are closed

answer

sleeping

question

sleep n which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady

answer

regular (non REM) sleep

question

sudden infant death syndrome healthy baby dies suddenly for no reason

answer

SIDS

question

consistent style or pattern of behavior motor activity persistence two-six dimensions reflects heredity and experience

answer

temperament

question

less ill less prone to diarrhea and constipation easier transition to solid food

answer

breast feeding advantages

question

when prepared in sanitary conditions, provides same nutrients as human milk

answer

formula

question

being small for one's age because of inadequate nutrition

answer

malnourished

question

end of neuron that receives information, looks like tree with many branches

answer

dendrite

question

center of the neuron that keeps the neuron alive

answer

cell body

question

tubelike structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits info to other neurons

answer

axon

question

gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence

answer

synaptic pruning

question

study of brain waves recorded from electrodes placed on scalp

answer

electroencephalography

question

functional magnetic resonance imaging method of studying brain activity by using magnetic fields to track blood flow in the brain used to measure regions of brain of how adults/children perform cognitive tasks

answer

fMRI

question

process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans

answer

experience-expectant growth

question

process by which an individual's unique experiences over al lifetime affect brain structures and organization

answer

experience-dependent growth

question

coordinated movements of muscles and limbs

answer

motor skills

question

ability to move around

answer

locomote

question

motor skills associated with grasping, holding and manipulating objects

answer

fine motor skills

question

young children who have just learned to walk

answer

toddlers

question

theory that views motor development as involving many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs

answer

dynamic systems theory

question

distinguishing and mastering individual motions

answer

differentiation

question

linking individual motions into a coherent coordinated whole

answer

integration

question

process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation

answer

perception

question

specialized neurons in the back of the eye that sense color 3 months-can see 3 kinds of ____ 3-4 months- can sell full range

answer

cones

question

glass covered platform that appears to have a "shallow" and a "deep" side; used to study infants depth perception

answer

visual cliff

question

ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior

answer

theory of mind

question

most serious of disorders theory of mind disorder acquire language later than usual and their speech often echoes what others say to them; they sometimes become intensely interested in objects, and uninterested in other people and when they do interact, these exchanges

answer

autism

question

according to piaget, a mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior

answer

scheme

question

according to piaget, taking in info that is compatible with one already knows baby who has the familiar grasping scheme

answer

assimilation

question

first of piaget's stages lasts from birth to two years

answer

sensorimotor period

question

understanding acquired in infancy, that objects exist independently of oneself 18 months-full understanding

answer

object permanence

question

according to piaget, narrowly focused on thought characteristic of preoperational children

answer

centration

question

infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experiences

answer

core knowledge hypothesis

question

children's belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

answer

teleological explanations

question

children's belief that all living things have an essence that can't be seen but gives a living thing its identity

answer

essentialism

question

processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual

answer

attention

question

emotional and physical reactions to unfamiliar stimulus individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulus, and changes in heart rate and brain-wave activity occur

answer

orientating response

question

behaviors are affected by their consequences voluntary behavior view of learning proposed by BF Skinner, that emphasizes reward and punishment

answer

operant conditioning

question

counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted by age 3, most children have mastered this

answer

one-to-one principle

question

mutual, shared understanding among participants in an activity when parents and children play board games together father/son puzzle

answer

intersubjectivity

question

children's involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled, typically producing cognitive growth children learn from others how to connect new experiences and new skills with what they already know

answer

guided participation

question

style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner's needs in learning a new task, children know little and need instruction but then their learning requires less instruction for that task giving help but not more than is needed to promote learning style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match learner's needs

answer

scaffolding

question

difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

answer

zone of proximal development

question

Vygotsky's term for thought

answer

inner speech

question

child's connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word

answer

fast mapping

question

children define words more narrowly than adults do

answer

underextension

question

children define words more broadly than adults do

answer

overextension

question

language-learning style of children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions

answer

referential style

question

language learning style of children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word

answer

expressive style

question

speech used by young children that contains only the words necessary to convey a message

answer

telegraphic speech

question

words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

answer

grammatical morphemes

question

grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule imitation

answer

overregularization

question

soon after 1 year olds begin to speak their parents will teach them how to ________

answer

take turns

question

according to Erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance

answer

hope

question

describes development as a series of eight stages, each with a unique crisis for psychosocial growth THEORIES: 1. basic trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt

answer

Erik Erikson

question

according to Erikson, young child's understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally ; occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

answer

will

question

according to Erikson, balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others

answer

purpose

question

theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptions to the environment

answer

evolutionary psychology

question

infant's understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child's life

answer

internal working model

question

individual's actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction

answer

enabling actions

question

interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other

answer

constricting actions

question

set of cultural guidelines a out how one should behave, especially with others

answer

social roles

question

aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships

answer

relational aggression

question

young children's understanding that they are either boys or girls

answer

gender labeling

question

understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women

answer

gender stability

question

theory that states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine

answer

gender-schema theory

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