H Chem – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| Nucleons |
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| term used to collectively identify the subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Nuclide |
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| term used to identify the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Nuclear bonding energy |
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| the energy released when a nucleus is formed from neucleons |
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| Band of Stability |
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| a range of neutron-proton ratios that produce stable nuclei |
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| Nuclear Reaction |
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| a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom |
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| Transmutation |
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| a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons |
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| Radioactive Decay |
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| the spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both |
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| Nuclear radiation |
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| the particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay |
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| Radioactive Nuclide |
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| an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay |
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| Alpha Particle |
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| 2 protons and 2 neutrons bond together and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay |
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| Beta Particle |
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| an electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay |
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| Gamma Rays |
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| high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nuclues as it changes form an excited state to a ground energy state |
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| Half-life |
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| the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay |
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| Decay Series |
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| a series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decays until a stable nuclide is reached |
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| Parent Nuclides |
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| heaviest nuclide of each decay series |
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| Daughter Nuclides |
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| nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclide |
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| Artificial Transmutation |
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| occurs as a result of the bombardment of a stable nucleus with charged and uncharged particles |
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| Transuranium |
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| elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei |
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| Radioactive dating |
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| process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present |
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| Radioactive tracers |
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| radioactive atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the substances can be followed by radiation detectors |
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| Nuclear fission |
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| a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass |
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| Chain Reaction |
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| a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction |
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| Critical mass |
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| minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction |
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| Nuclear Reactors |
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| use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides |
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| Nuclear Fusion |
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| light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus |
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| Atom |
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| smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element |
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| Electrons |
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| negatively charged subatomic particles |
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| Protons |
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| positively charged subatomic particles |
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| Neutrons |
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| subatomic particles with no charge but with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton (Mass#- atomic#= number of neutron) |
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| nucleus |
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| central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons |
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| atomic number (Z) |
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| of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element |
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| Mass Number |
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| the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| Isotopes |
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| atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
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| Nuclide |
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| a general term for any isotope of any element |
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| Atomic Mass Unit |
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| one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
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| Average atomic mass |
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| a wighted avg. mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element |
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| Periodic Table |
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| an arrangement of the elements according to similarites in their properties |
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| Periods |
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| horizontal rows of the periodic table |
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| Periodic Law |
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| states that when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties |
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| Groups/Families |
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| vertical columns of elements in ther periodic table |
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| Representative elements |
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| the groups of elements that exhibit a wide range of both physical and chemical properties |
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| Metals |
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| elements which have a high electrical conductivity and a high luster when clean. They are both ductile and malleable |
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| Ductile |
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| ability to be drawn into wires |
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| Malleable |
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| the ability to be beaten into thin sheets |
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| Alkali metals |
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| family name for the elements of group 1 |
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| Alkaline Earth Metals |
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| family name for the element of group 2 |
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| Transition metals |
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| elements found in group 3 through 12 |
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| Inner transition metal (Rare Earth Metal) |
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| made up of both the lanthanide series and the actinide series |
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| Nonmetals |
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| elements that are generally non-lustrous and they are generally poor conductors of electricity |
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| Calcogens |
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| family name for the elements of group 16 |
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| Calcogens |
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| family name for the elements of group 16 |
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| Halogens |
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| family name for the elements of group 17 |
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| Noble Gases |
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| fmaily name for the elements in group 18 |
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| Metalloids |
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| elements with properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals |
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| Quantum Theory |
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| describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other small particles |
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
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| states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the postition and velocity of an electron or any other particle |
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| Principal Energy Level |
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| a very narrow 3-dimensional region found at varying distances from the nucleus where there is the greatest probability of location electrons |
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| Sublevel |
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| a region within a principal energy level where equal energy level oribitals of a specific shape are located |
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| Orbital |
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| a 3-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
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| Quantum numbers |
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| specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitsals |
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| Principal Quantum number |
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| symbolized by n, indicates the principal energy level occupied by the electrons |
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| Angular momentum quantum number |
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| symbolized by the letter l. indicates the shape of the orbital(sublevels) |
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| magnetic quantum number |
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| symbolized by the letter m, indicates the orientation of an orbital |
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| Spin quantum number |
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| symbolized bye letter s, has onlyl 2 possible values which indicate the 2 fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital |
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| Electron Configuration |
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| indicates the arrangement of electrons in an atom |
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| ground-state electron configuration |
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| indicates the lowest-energy arrangement of the electrons for each element |
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| Aufbau Principle |
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| states that an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it |
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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| states that no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers |
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| Hund's Rule |
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| states that orbital of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin |
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| Valence shell |
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| the electron-containing principal energy level with the highest principal quantum number |
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| Valence electrons |
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| electrons that are in the highest occupied energy level |
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| Inner shell electrons |
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| electrons that are not in the highest occupied energy level |
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| Noble gas configuration |
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| an outer principle energy level fully occupied, in most cases by 8 electrons |
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| Octet Configuration |
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| an outer principle energy level fully occupied by 8 electrons |
