Growth & Development Ch. 9 – Flashcards
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During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference: a. increase in relation to body height. b. decrease in relation to body weight. c. increase in relation to body weight. d. decrease in relation to body height.
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d. decrease in relation to body height.
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Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of: a. increased myelination of the central nervous system. b. advances in the prefrontal cortex. c. an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine. d. a simultaneous process where axons in the brain die off, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.
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a. increased myelination of the central nervous system.
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Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity? a. Cortical thickening in the temporal lobe b. Increased myelination of the central nervous system c. Increased bone ossification d. Increased muscle development
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b. Increased myelination of the central nervous system
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What is the most common cause of death for children in middle childhood? a. Motor vehicle accidents b. Drowning c. Cancer d. Child abuse
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a. Motor vehicle accidents
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In 2009-2010, _____ percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds were classified as obese. a. 12 b. 30 c. 25 d. 18
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d. 18
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Ross has been placed in the 85th percentile in terms of his BMI. His doctor would likely tell his parents that he is: a. obese b. overweight. c. at risk for being overweight. d. at a healthy weight.
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c. at risk for being overweight.
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Which of the following statements about children and cardiovascular disease is true? a. Cardiovascular disease is common in children. b. There is no scientific evidence of high blood pressure in children. c. High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease. d. Behaviors in childhood do not affect the development of cardiovascular disease in later life.
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c. High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease.
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A recent study found that children with a high body mass index and waist circumference are at risk for _____, a constellation of factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. a. ICF syndrome b. hyperventilation syndrome c. severe acute respiratory syndrome d. metabolic syndrome
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d. metabolic syndrome
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The incidence of cancer in children has _____ in recent years. a. been linked to obesity b. increased dramatically c. slightly increased d. decreased dramatically
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c. slightly increased
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Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with _____, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells, which crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection. a. neuroblastoma b. lymphosarcoma c. leukemia d. clear cell sarcoma
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c. leukemia
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A learning disability: a. is primarily the result of environmental disadvantage. b. is primarily the result of mental retardation. c. is mainly due to cultural or economic disadvantage. d. is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.
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d. is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.
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About _____ as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. a. twice b. three times c. half d. one-third
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b. three times
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One of the explanations for the gender difference in the identification of learning disabilities is that: a. boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities. b. girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment. c. girls' education is given priority in schools and homes. d. learning disability is more difficult to detect in boys.
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a. boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities.
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Sabeen has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability. Identify the condition that Sabeen has. a. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder b. Dysgraphia c. Dyslexia d. Dyscalculia
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c. Dyslexia
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Sandra, 9, was always behind in class because she could only write very slowly, and even then her painstaking efforts would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called: a. ADHD. b. dysgraphia. c. dyslexia. d. dyscalculia.
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b. dysgraphia.
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Samuel, 8, has difficulty in math computation. His physician diagnosed him as suffering from a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder. a. dyscalculia b. dysgraphia c. dyslexia d. ADHD
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a. dyscalculia
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Research indicates that it is unlikely learning disabilities: a. reside in a single, specific brain location. b. are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions. c. are a result of subtle difficulties in brain structures. d. are a result of subtle difficulties in brain functions.
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a. reside in a single, specific brain location.
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Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving: a. math ability. b. right and left brain functioning. c. writing skills. d. reading ability.
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d. reading ability.
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A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD. a. in adulthood b. in infancy c. three years later d. two years earlier
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c. three years later
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Jared, 3, was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with _____. a. Asperger syndrome b. ADHD c. autistic disorder d. ICF syndrome
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c. autistic disorder
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_____ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. a. Asperger syndrome b. ADHD c. Autistic disorder d. ICF syndrome
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a. Asperger syndrome
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Boys are estimated to be _____ more likely to have autism spectrum disorders than girls are. a. two to three times b. marginally c. twice d. five times
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d. five times
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A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child MOST likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c. Formal operational stage d. Concrete operational stage
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d. Concrete operational stage
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Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called _____. a. centration b. seriation c. reversibility d. classification
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b. seriation
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Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer then B and B is longer than C, then A is longer then C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is _____. a. seriation b. Transitivity c. Transduction d. classification
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b. Transitivity
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_____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood. a. Long-term memory; short-term memory b. Short-term memory; long-term memory c. Knowledge; expertise d. Expertise; knowledge
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b. Short-term memory; long-term memory
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At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use _____ more and, according to the fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children. a. verbatim traces b. Elaboration c. verbal traces d. gist
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d. gist
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According to the fuzzy trace theory, the _____ consists of the precise details of the information. a. gist b. verbatim memory trace c. fuzzy trace d. mental imagery
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b. verbatim memory trace
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Voletta thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in: a. critical thinking. b. metacognition. c. cognitive monitoring. d. control processes.
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a. critical thinking.
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"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" This is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters _____ thinking. a. divergent b. convergent c. expressive d. productive
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a. divergent
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From the following, identify an important difference between the reasoning of children and the reasoning of scientists. a. Children tend to bias experiments in favor of whatever hypothesis they began with. b. Children fail to place enough emphasis on causal mechanisms. c. Children intuitively design experiments that can distinguish among alternative causes. d. Children place a great deal of emphasis on causal mechanisms.
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a. Children tend to bias experiments in favor of whatever hypothesis they began with.
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_____ involves knowing about knowing. a. Cognition b. Brainstorming c. Metacognition d. Metadata
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c. Metacognition
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Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to: a. develop social skills. b. learn creativity. c. learn a repertoire of strategies for problem solving. d. formulate career plans.
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c. learn a repertoire of strategies for problem solving.
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A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's: a. emotional quotient. b. intelligence quotient. c. level of mental development relative to others. d. cognitive maturity.
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b. intelligence quotient.
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Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following can be said about Amber? a. Her IQ score is 86. b. Her IQ score is about average. c. Her IQ score is below the majority of the population. d. Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.
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d. Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.
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Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Cultural intelligence b. Practical intelligence c. Spatial intelligence d. Verbal intelligence
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b. Practical intelligence
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Who among the following would have good spatial abilities? a. A journalist b. A theologian c. A botanist d. An architect
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d. An architect
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Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner? a. Intrapersonal b. Analytical c. Practical d. Creative
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a. Intrapersonal
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Which of the following statements about IQ and intelligence is true? a. Modifications in environment have no impact on one's IQ score. b. Schooling has been shown to have no influence over intelligence. c. IQ scores have been slowly decreasing around the world. d. IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.
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d. IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.
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Considering how early intervention programs to improve intellectual development—such as the Abecedarian Intervention program—have shown marked improvements in the IQ of participants, it can be inferred that the main reason children from low SES families earn lower scores on IQ tests is that: a. the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children. b. the genes for lower intelligence are passed down from the parents to the children. c. IQ tests are culture-fair tests. d. IQ tests fail to test for street-smarts and practical intelligence.
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a. the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children.
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Paul has an IQ of 60. He lives in his own apartment and supports himself with a job. He has many friends, goes bowling, and eats out frequently. He has no difficulty adapting to everyday life. According to the definition of mental retardation, Paul is: a. not mentally retarded b. mildly retarded. c. moderately retarded. d. severely mentally retarded.
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b. mildly retarded.
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About _____ percent of the mentally retarded are in the severe category, with IQs of _____. a. 1; 55 to 70 b. 6; 40 to 54 c. 3.5; 25 to 39 d. 10; 15 to 24
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c. 3.5; 25 to 39
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Organic retardation is caused by: a. a genetic disorder or brain damage. b. being raised by poorly educated parents. c. an impoverished intellectual environment. d. traumatic experiences in early childhood.
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a. a genetic disorder or brain damage.
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Most people who suffer from organic retardation have IQs that range between _____. a. 25 and 60 b. 40 and 65 c. 0 and 50 d. 15 and 65
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c. 0 and 50
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Ethan is a gifted 14-year-old child who excels academically and has an IQ of 140. In the light of the findings from Lewis Terman's study of high IQ children, it is likely that Ethan is: a. suffering from a mental disorder. b. maladjusted. c. more mature than others his own age. d. at higher risk for emotional problems.
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c. more mature than others his own age.
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Ellen Winner described three criteria that characterize gifted children. Which of the following was NOT one of these criteria? a. Precocity b. Marching to their own drummer c. Easily bored d. A passion to master
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c. Easily bored
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By the time children are 11 years old their vocabulary has increased to approximately: a. 10,000 words. b. 200,000 words. c. 40,000 words. d. 100,000 words.
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c. 40,000 words.
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At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by learning to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context words are used in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, and later, newspapers and magazines. This school is using the _____ approach to reading instruction. a. assisted-language b. remedial-language c. phonics d. whole-language
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d. whole-language
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Alberta is a school teacher who introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes, "A for apple, A says ah; B for ball, B says buh," and so on. This exemplifies the _____ approach to reading instruction. a. whole-language b. phonics c. information-processing d. analytic
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b. phonics
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Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading? a. Direct instruction in the whole-language approach is a key aspect of learning to read. b. Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read. c. The whole-language approach and the phonics approach are equally effective in teaching children to read. d. The morphological approach has been shown to be the best way to teach reading.
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b. Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.
