Grid Integration Of Wind Energy Systems Engineering Essay Example

new sub-transmission lines are put underground in urban countries.

There is no fixed cutoff between sub-transmission and transmittal, or sub-transmission and distribution. The electromotive force ranges overlap somewhat. Voltages of 69 kilovolts, 115 kilovolt and 138 kilovolts are frequently used for sub-transmission. As power systems evolved, electromotive forces once used for transmittal were used for sub-transmission, and sub-transmission electromotive forces became distribution electromotive forces. Like transmittal, sub-transmission moves comparatively big sums of power, and like distribution, sub-transmission covers an country alternatively of merely point to indicate. Features of the sub-transmission web to which weave energy systems are typically connected.

Ideally, weave energy systems are connected to tauten grids in order non to act upon stableness or power quality in a negative manner. This is normally non the instance, nevertheless. Wind power is normally connected far out in the grid, at sub-transmission or distribution degrees, where the grid was non originally designed to reassign power from, the system ends back into the grid. Particularly when the grid is weak, unacceptable electromotive force gradients may happen  . Wind farms are typically located in countries where air current resources are plentiful and can fulfill certain demands. Most onshore wind farms are located in rural countries where the transmittal system electromotive forces are typically in the scope of 69 kilovolts to 161 kilovolt. The nominal terminus electromotive forces at the air current turbines range in value from 575 V to 4,160 V, depending on the turbine evaluations.

Wind energy system ( mention to bridge ). Early versions of air current turbine generators consisted of fixed-speed air current turbines with conventional initiation generators. This category of machines was uneven but was limited to

operation in a narrow wind-speed scope. In add-on, the conventional initiation generator, which was straight connected to the electrical grid, required that reactive power support be provided locally to accomplish the coveted electromotive force degree.

AC Induction generator

The engineering of initiation generator is based on the comparatively mature electric motor engineering. Early developments in initiation generators were made utilizing fixed capacitances for excitement, since suited active power devices were non available. This resulted in unstable power end product since the excitement could non be adjusted as the burden or velocity deviated from the nominal values. This attack became possible merely where a big power system with infinite coach was available, such as in a public-service corporation power system. In this instance the excitement was provided from the infinite coach. With the handiness of high power exchanging devices, initiation generator can be provided with adjustable excitement and operate in isolation in a stable mode with appropriate controls

Induction generator besides has two electromagnetic constituents: the revolving magnetic field constructed utilizing high conduction, high strength bars located in a slotted Fe nucleus to organize a squirrel coop ; and the stationary armature weaving.

Doubly fed initiation generator ( DFIG )

Progresss in power electronics have revolutionized air current turbine engineering and led to the development of the doubly fed initiation generator ( DFIG ) . The stator of the DFIG is straight connected to the grid, and the rotor twist is connected via faux pas rings to a convertor, which merely has to manage a fraction ( 20 to 30 per centum ) of the entire power. The extremely efficient, variable velocity DFIG is designed to pull out maximal energy from

the air current, and it puts out electricity at a changeless frequence no affair what the air current velocity.

The unit transformer at each air current turbine steps up the electromotive force and feeds power into a aggregator system that operates at electromotive forces runing from 12.5 kilovolts to 34.5 kilovolt. The high side node of the aggregator system is so connected to the chief substation transformer for the air current farm, which once more steps up the electromotive force to the desired degree and connects the air current farm to the transmittal system in the geographical locality.

Most modern air current farms have DFIGs and are available in evaluations that range from 1.5 megawatts ( MW ) to 4.5 MW. Newer coevalss of air current generators, which have lasting magnet synchronal generators and to the full rated convertors, have a scope of control over both existent power and reactive power for changing air current velocities.

From all the generators that are used in air current turbines the PMSG 's have the highest advantages because they are stable and unafraid during normal operation and they do non necessitate an extra DC supply for the excitement circuit ( weaving )  . This type of air current turbines is combined with synchronal lasting magnet generator and AC/DC/AC convertor with a evaluation of 100 % of the rated air current turbine power. Since it does non necessitate the cogwheel box, the weight at the hub tallness can be lowered a batch, and the operation and care of the cogwheel box are non needed.

Low electromotive force drive through

Voltage dips falls under short continuance electromotive force fluctuations which comprises of three classs viz.

under electromotive force, electromotive force dips and crestless waves.

Voltage dip is a power quality job and it amendss the unity of the power quality to the terminal user . Harmonizing to Bollen et Al  , Voltage dip is defined as a sudden decrease of the supply electromotive force to a value between the scopes of 10 % to 90 % of nominal electromotive force followed by a electromotive force recovery after a short continuance normally from 10 MS up to one minute. While an break it is whereby the nominal electromotive force magnitude goes to zero Vs .

Most states have grid codifications which requires air current generators to remain connected to the grid during a mistake. This is of concern to transmittal operators and regulative bureaus that guarantee air current turbines remain affiliated during a web mistake, this is because if air current farms are off-line due to mistakes, the combined consequence of mistake and sudden loss of coevals might do terrible lessening in electromotive force and electromotive force instability . The figure below shows a LVRT curve.

With mention to the figure above, wind generators are required to stay affiliated for 0.625s if the electromotive force drops down to 15 % of the nominal value. Beyond this the air current turbine should be disconnected from the web. However if the electromotive force falls to 0.9 the air current energy system can stay affiliated.

Mistake drive through

Grid codifications define two chief issues sing mistake ride-through: The belongingss of the electromotive force dip during which the generating system has to keep operability and bounds or demands for the short circuit current during the grid mistake.

The grid codes request

minimal retaining electromotive forces between 15 % and 25 % with maximal electromotive force dip continuances between 500 MSs and 3000 MS, depending on the retaining electromotive force. Short circuit current demands address the maximal transeunt short circuit current and the current to be fed to the grid during the electromotive force dip. The transeunt short circuit current becomes more and more an issue for the hard-on of air current turbines at locations with low short circuit grid power.

This subdivision deals with the electromotive force quality jobs that wind coevals in distribution webs can bring forth to the tonss supplied from the same grid. A air current farm can be connected to low electromotive force, medium electromotive force and higher electromotive force webs. In the instance of smaller installings connected to weak electric grids such as medium electromotive force distribution webs ( 22 kilovolt ) , power quality jobs may go a serious concern because of the propinquity of the generators to the tonss. One of the power quality jobs is voltage dips. In developed states, it is known that from 75 % up to 95 % of the industrial sector claims to the electric distribution companies are related to jobs originated by this perturbation type.

The electromotive force fluctuation issue consequences from the air current speed and generator torsion. The electromotive force fluctuation is straight related to existent and reactive power fluctuations. The electromotive force fluctuation is normally classified as under :

• Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.
• Voltage Swells.
• Short Breaks.
• Long continuance electromotive force fluctuation.

Because many electrical devices are non designed to keep their normal operation during a electromotive force dip, these perturbations are therefore a

large job. The behaviour of a air current turbine to a electromotive force dip is affected by the type of engineering. In instance of a fixed velocity initiation generator, a electromotive force dip ab initio decreases the active power supplied to the grid, while the reactive power consumed by the generator besides decreases due to the demagnetisation of the machine.

When the electromotive force recovers, the chief consequence is the soaking up of reactive power in order to retrieve the magnetic flux, widening the continuance of the electromotive force dip . The undermentioned figure shows the typical electromotive force dip experienced at the burden terminus and the hold in the electromotive force dip, caused by the initiation generator. As seen in the figure above, the dip is extended for another 0.75s after the mistake is cleared, doing the burden electromotive force to return to its nominal value after 1.25 s.