Gram Positive Bacteria Terms – Flashcards
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| Non-sporulating firmicutes |
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| Key genera: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Listeria |
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| Characteristics of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus |
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| Aerobic, cocci Resistant to reduced water potential Tolerate high salt Many species are pigmented |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| Catalase positive; facultative anaerobes S. epidermidis -- non-pathogenic normal flora of the skin -- coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus --opportunistic pathogen --coagulase positive --MRSA |
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| Micrococcus luteus |
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| Non-pathogenic normal flora of the skin |
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| Streptococcus |
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| Homofermentative Catalase negative; facultative anaerobes Play important roles in production of buttermilk, silage, and other products Some species are pathogenic |
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| Lactobacillus |
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| Rod-shaped Common in dairy products Resistant to acidic conditions - Grow in pH as low as 4 |
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| Listeria |
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| Gram-positive coccobacilli Form chains 3-5 cells long Require full oxic or microoxic conditions for growth |
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| Different Streptococcus strains |
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| S. pyogtenes (GAS) S. agalactiae (GBS) S. pneumoniae S. mutans |
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| Enterococcus |
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| fecal origin - VRE |
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| Lactococcus strain |
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| L. lacti |
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| Endospore-forming Firmicutes |
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| Key genera: Bacillus, Clostridium - distinguished on the basis of cell morphology, and the shape and cellular position of endospore Generally found in soils Spore formation -survival mechanism |
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| Bacillus (endospore-forming firmicutes) |
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| Facultative anaerobes Central endospores Many bacilli produce antibiotics B. anthracis - disease of cattle, speticemia, lungs B. thuringensis - biological control, kills insects, larvae or adults |
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| Clostridium |
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| Obligate anaerobes Terminal endospores Mainly found in anaerobic pockets in the soil - also live in mammalian intestinal tract Some are pathogenic; botulism, tetanus, and gangrene |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Pleomorphic, rod-shaped organisms, acid fast Mycolic acid Slow growing Mycobacteria form tight, compact, wrinkled colonies Cord factor |
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| Actinobacteria |
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| Corynebacterium Propionibacteria |
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| Corynebacterium (Actinobacteria) |
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| Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped Form club-shaped, irregular-shaped, or V-shaped cell arrangements Extremely diverse |
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| Propionibacteria |
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| First discovered in Swiss cheese Gram-positive anaerobes Have metabolic strategy called secondary fermentation - obtain energy from fermentation products produced by other bacteria |
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| Filamentous Actinobacteria |
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| Produce mycelium Primary soil microorganisms Strict aerobes |
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| Streptomyces (Filamentous Actinobacteria) |
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| Over 500 species 50% of all isolated Streptomyces produce antibiotics - over 500 distinct antibiotics Large genomes (8 Mbp and larger) |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Obligately parasitic with poor metabolic capacities - rely on host cell C. trachomatis - STD - blindness C. pneumonia - atypical pneumonia |
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| Mycoplasmas |
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| Mycoplasma - pleomorphic Lack cell walls - key components of peptidoglycan are missing Parasitic that inhabit animal and plant hosts Growth - media for the culture of mycoplasmas are typically quite complex - mycoplasma colonies: "fried egg" appearance |
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| Bacteroides |
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| Obligately anaerobic Human intestinal tract Synthesize sphingolipids |
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| Flavobacterium |
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| Found primarily in aquatic environments Aerobic, nutritionally restricted, frequently yellow-pigmented |
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| Spirochetes |
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| Gram-negative, motile, and coiled Widespread in aquatic environments and in animals Have endoflagella: located in the periplasm of the cell |
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| Spirochetes strains |
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| Treponema pallidum Borrelia Leptospira and Leptonema |
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| Treponema pallidum |
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| STD - syphilis Not culturable |
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| Borrelia |
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| Majority are human or animal pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease - tick transmission |
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| Leptospira and Leptonema |
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| Strictly anaerobic spirochetes Rodents are the natural host of Leptospira Cause of leptospirosis in humans |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| Gas vesicles are found in many cyanobacteria - help maintain buoyancy - keep cell in water column where there is light heterocysts are rounded, enlarged cells - anoxic environment insie heterocyst - site for nitrogen fixation nitrogenase is sensitive to oxygen Many cyanobacteria display gliding motility |
