question

earthquakes after the main shock, due to adjusting of the ground

answer

aftershock

question

seismic waves that move through the earth including p and s waves

answer

body wave

question

explains the relationship between earthquakes, tectonic stresses and faulting. Elastic strain builds up on a cult bending or deforming rock, it is then released and the rock rebounds as fault rupture occurs.

answer

elastic rebound theory

question

The point on earths surface directly above the focus

answer

epicenter

question

breaks in the earth along where there has been movement

answer

fault

question

point underground where rock first ruptures (hypocenter)

answer

focus

question

amount of damage done. Measured in terms of its effect on people and structures

answer

intensity scale

question

when the ground is saturated with water when an earthquake comes it makes it behave like a liquid

answer

liquefaction

question

(1989) fires •"World Series EQ" •Magnitude 6.9 •Nimitz freeway

answer

Loma Prieta earthquake

question

alternatively push and pull ricks along their direction of travel/ longitudinal wave

answer

P-Wave

question

amount of energy released•

answer

magnitude

question

Intensity (amplitude of vertical movement) of ground shaking more severe in unconsolidated materials

answer

material amplification

question

Based on damage done and how many people felt it.Ranks earthquake intensities on 12-piont scale. Lables Roman I smallest to XII largest. numeral/magnitude/witness observations

answer

Modified Mercalli Intensity scale

question

Measure of the energy released by the earthquake, estimated by examining the records from seismographs, but also based on actual area of fault rupture and amount of slip on fault

answer

moment magnitude

question

hanging wall moves down

answer

normal fault

question

1994 California killed 57 people were prepared for earthquakes " Earthquakes don't kill people, buildings do"

answer

North Ridge Earthquake

question

compressional waves, travel fastest through all physical states of media/ longitudinal wave

answer

P-Wave

question

possible warning signs

answer

Precursor

question

average time interval between characteristic earthquakes on a fault

answer

recurrenceinterval

question

hanging wall moves up

answer

Reverse fault

question

Measure of the energy released by an earthquake. It is based upon the amplitude or size of the largest seismic wave produced by an earthquake

answer

Richter Magnitude Scale

question

any segment of the fault that has not ruptured recently in comparison to other neighboring segments it is more likely to rupture

answer

Seismic Gap

question

vibrations that travel outward in all directions from the ruptured fault/ body and surface

answer

Seismic Waves

question

Device to record the seismic waves

answer

Seismograph

question

The record of an earthquake squiggly lines on paper

answer

Seismogram

question

record ground motions caused by passing seismic waves. modern seismometers due to vibration record electronically and very accurately note the time and store the data in digital form

answer

Seisometer

question

•The Sendai, Japan earthquake: •Magnitude 9 •Largest EQ Japan has experienced since we have been recording the size of earthquakes. •(Biggest EQ recorded was Mag. 9.5 below Chile in 1960) •Displaced the ocean floor - causing the tsunami •On a subduction zone (convergent plate boundary)

answer

Sendai Earthquake

question

Shear waves, travel slower than P wave, but faster than surface waves, only propagates through solid materials

answer

S-Wave

question

Both sides move horizontally

answer

Strike-slipt Fault

question

Moving along the Earth's surface, travels slowest, but causing most of the damage

answer

Surface Wave

question

Shear waves, travel slower than P wave, but faster than surface waves, only propagates through solid materials

answer

Transverse Wave (s-wave)

question

large harbor waves/Triggered by earthquake, submarine volcanic explosion, underwater landslide, asteroid impact

answer

Tsunami

question

In Haiti, buildings are not designed to withstand shaking or are built improperly, causing far more deaths.

answer

Why did the magnitude 8.8 Chilean earthquake cause fewer deaths than magnitude M 7.0 Haitian earthquake? What was the tectonic and socioeconomic setting for each earthquake?

question

after the elastic strain builds up on a fault bending or deforming rock occurs and then the elastic strain is released and the rock rebounds as fault rupture occurs.

answer

What is "elastic rebound"?

question

Magnitude is amount of energy released/ overall size intensity is amount of damage done/ effects on people and structures acceleration is rate of ground moving during shaking

answer

Distinguish among magnitude, intensity, and ground acceleration. What does eachmeasure?

question

s waves can only go through solids/ p waves can travel through solid or liquid

answer

Describe the two types of body waves discussed. Which can travel through liquids? Which can only travel through solids?

question

surface waves

answer

Which type of seismic wave is more damaging to buildings: body waves or surface waves?

question

3 seismicgraph, seismogram, siesmometer

answer

How many seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake?

question

31.6 times

answer

The energy released by one magnitude 6 earthquake is equivalent to how many magnitude 5 earthquakes?

question

liquification tsunamis ground motion social and physical damage fires landslides ground displacement

answer

List the hazards associated with earthquakes.

question

Soft sediments or unconsolidated surface materials on bedrock can be a significant factor in amplifying ground shaking/ They act like jello and shake longer then harder rock

answer

Why do structures built directly on hard granite rock tend to survive earthquakes better than those built on soft sediments?

question

Seismic waves travel differently through different rock materials/ they may have more of an effect on something built on clay rather then granite

answer

What does material amplification mean?

question

wet sediments

answer

Which type of geologic material is the most likely to undergo liquefaction? crystalline bedrock, dry sediments or wet sediments?

question

displacement of the seafloor in turn displaces a large volume of water about it. THe sudden displacement causes waves to disperse in all direction.

answer

How is a tsunami generated?

question

drop stop and hold on

answer

What is the safest thing to do in a building during an earthquake?

question

yes

answer

Are there any historic earthquake epicenters in Cortland County?

question

elongated prismatic crystals that parallel the pyroxenes in composition except for the water in their atomic structure.

answer

amphibole-structure

question

A group of minerals that are elongated fibers with a length to width ratio of: >100 : 1 Length : width •Insulating properties •Fireproof

answer

asbestos

question

Blue asbestos includes the amphibole (double-chain silicate) minerals crocidolite and tremolite, which is more dangerous than white asbestos, as it's more brittle and breaks down sooner, into needle-like fibers. This leads to a greater risk of being exposed to airborne asbestos, and exposure to crocidolite has been linked with cancer.

answer

blue asbestos(5%)(cancer causing)

question

95 percent of the asbestos used in the United States, and includes the sheet silicate minerals chrysotile. When the white asbestos breaks down, its particles resemble "rolled-up rugs."

answer

white asbestos(majority 95%)

question

smallest possible division of an element Made up of nucleus of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negative electrons. Building block of all matter

answer

atom

question

crystallizes fast when it erupts onto the seafloor. Microscopic/ hot spots

answer

basalt

question

a serpentine mineral that occurs as elongate fibrous crystals that can be bent or woven. Used for fireproof insulation in buildings/ principle mineral in asbestos

answer

chrysotile

question

after sedimentation gravel becomes this

answer

conglomerate

question

blue asbestos/ needles/double chain silicate/linked to cancer

answer

crocidolite

question

Needles/ blue asbestos/

answer

double chain silicate

question

a substance that can't be broken down chemically into other substances. one type of atom/ same number of protons

answer

element

question

transportation of geosphere materials from one place to another by natural movements of water wind and ice.

answer

erosion

question

form from lava from volcanoes or fissures at the Earth's surface (e.g., basalt).

answer

extrusive( volcanic) igneous rock

question

lots of silicon sodium and potassium and not much iron and magnesium./ igneous rocks

answer

felsic

question

sheeted or leaf like structure

answer

foliation

question

intrusive/ formed from magma/ igneous

answer

granite

question

table salt/chemical (precipitated) / it makes cubic crystals bc of how atoms are arranged

answer

halite

question

rocks that form from magma

answer

igneous rock

question

Andesite/in between mafic and felsic

answer

intermediate composition

question

form below the Earth's surface (e.g., granite),

answer

intrusive(plutonic) igneous rock

question

magma

answer

lava

question

accumulation of calcite on seafloor become this rock/ turns into marble after metamorphism

answer

limestone

question

sediments are compacted by pressure into sedimentary rocks

answer

lithification

question

Magnesium and iron are present/ two of the most common elements in the earth

answer

mafic

question

molton rock under the earths surface

answer

magma

question

Rocks that change at high temperatures and pressure.

answer

metamorphic rock

question

occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a set range of chemical components. Composition/ Structure

answer

mineral

question

bonding of atoms

answer

molecule

question

volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock.

answer

obsidian

question

drives out the water and other volatiles such as carbon dioxide incorporated in mineral structures

answer

recrystallization

question

are an aggregate(mixture) of one or more minerals.

answer

rock

question

melting and crystallization forms igneous rocks weathering and erosion rock breaks down by physical and chemical processes into fine particles that are transported to sediment basins which are sediment depositions then are compacted through lithification to form sedimentary rocks then through metamorphism when heat and pressure cause minerals too form into metamorphic rocks then melt and crystallize all over...

answer

rock cycle

question

depositing of sediments/ range from sand and gravel where rivers carry them to coast and then develop in basins

answer

sedimentation

question

high pressure and temperatures in deep parts of sedimentary basins resulting in compacting and cementation of clastic and chemical sediments

answer

sedimentary rock

question

most abundant clastic rock

answer

shale

question

rolled up rugs "white" asbestos

answer

sheet silicate

question

silicon and oxygen ions combine/building block of most minerals bulk of most crust and mantle

answer

silica tetrahedron

question

includes one silicon and oxygen tetrahedra in its internal structure

answer

silicate minerals

question

found in double-chain silicate "needle" asbestos

answer

tremolite

question

combines with tremolite forming zonolite used for insulation

answer

vermiculite

question

set of physical an chemical processes that change rocks at earths surface

answer

weathering

question

naturally occurring inorganic solids made up of an element or a combination of elements that has an ordered arrangement of atoms and a characteristic chemical composition

answer

what is the definition of a mineral?

question

Are built from the silica tetrahedron •Contains 1 silicon (Si) atom and •4 oxygen (O) atoms

answer

what is the building block of all silicate minerals? what elements are in it?

question

Asbestos is a group of minerals that have are elongated fibers with a length to width ratio of >100 : 1 (length : width), that is used for its insulating and fireproof properties.

answer

what is the definition of asbestos

question

Double chain silicate or amphibole asbestos vs. Sheet silicate or "White" asbestos/ blue "double chain silicate" needles/ is known to cause cancer

answer

what are the two structures of asbestos minerals? which one is known to cause cancer?

question

Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary. worldwide recycling system that changes one rock type into another. It breaks down rocks (a process called weathering), transports and deposits the pieces into sedimentary layers, can melt any rock into magma that cools to form igneous rocks, and/or apply heat and pressure to change the rocks into metamorphic rocks.

answer

what are the three types of rocks? how is each type formed?how are they classified?

question

AFter long periods of time the plate tectonic processes can greatly alter rocks in a sequence of changes called the rock cycle./ Divergent(constructive) plate boundaries we have formation of new rock/convergent plate boundaries (destructive/ recycle)/ transform nothing happens/

answer

how is the rock cycle related to plate tectonics

question

Intrusive feltic- Granite intrusive intermediate-Diorite intrusive mafic-Gabbro extrusive feltic-Rhyolite extrusive intermediate-Andesite extrusive mafic- Basalt

answer

what are the intrusive/extrusive rock type pais for felsic intermediate and mafic rocks?

question

fine grain is extrusive/ cool slowly intrusive are course grain

answer

What does the grain size of an igneous rock tell us about how it was formed?

question

divergent/ new oceanic crust basalt is extrusive

answer

What tectonic setting (i.e., what type of plate boundary) is basalt formed at?

question

granite is found intrusive/ granite is cooler and less likely to make it to the surface/ igneous intrusive along convergent plate boundary/ andes mountains

answer

What tectonic setting (i.e., what type of plate boundary) is granite formed at?

question

Clastic is when its fragments of other rocks (shale)/ biogenic is fragments were produced by biologic activity (pieces of shells) (pieces of plant material)(coal) Chemical-limestone (precipitated)

answer

What's the difference between clastic and biogenic sedimentary rocks? Name an example from each of these.

question

Know that granite is an intrusive (plutonic) igneous rock; know that basalt is an extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock.

answer

Know that granite is an intrusive (plutonic) igneous rock; know that basalt is an extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock.

question

Know that marble is a metamorphic rock that comes from limestone.

answer

Know that marble is a metamorphic rock that comes from limestone.

question

Conglomerate/ Sandstone

answer

When gravel is compacted and cemented, what clastic sedimentary rock does it become? (see Figure 4-30c)// What happens when Sand becomes cemented?

question

type of lava flow More viscous and slow moving, lower temp, with a blocky rough surface texture

answer

aa

question

South AMerican ideal for growing coffee (volcano that benefits) fertile soil

answer

andes mountain

question

pyroclastic material consisting of crystals, rock fragments and bits of glassy frozen magma

answer

ash

question

mt. st. helens/ California

answer

cascade range

question

A lateral blast or directed blast is an eruption that occurs along the slope or flank of the volcano, not at the summit. It can be a dangerous type of eruption if it is associated with sudden decompression of high viscosity magma, causing part of the mountain to be suddenly blown away. This type of eruption was triggered at Mt. St. Helens, when a landslide exposed part of the magma chamber on the flank of the mountain.

answer

direct (or lateral) blast

question

compostional name for igneous rocks with abundance quartz and feldspar/ high silica content/ high viscosity/ domes and explostions

answer

felsic

question

places where voluminous mantle material rises and melts to form magic magma

answer

hot spot

question

in between magic and felsic intermediate viscosity flows and explosions

answer

intermediate composition

question

wet debris flow Picks up anything on the way down

answer

lahar

question

when magma erupts into the surface

answer

lava

question

compostional name for igneous rocks with magnesium and iron/ low viscosity/ low silica content/ eruption style flows

answer

mafic

question

hot and buoyant and less dense then lava and therefore lighter than the solid rock of its surroundings

answer

magma

question

Philippines (1991) Mount Pinatubo •June 15-16, 1991 •Killed 350 people and destroyed a U.S. military base •Nearly 1-ft depth of ash covered buildings over a 40-km radius •Huge cloud of ash 400 km wide into nearly 40-km elevation •Affected global climate (cooler summer the next year; global temp differences ?0.5°C, ~1°F)

answer

mt. pinatubo

question

stratovolcano/ Cascade Range in washington/ found lahar

answer

mt. rainier

question

Worst volcanic disaster US history. 4.2 magnitude 1980. Washington State/ Landslide made it have a lateral blast

answer

mt. st. helens

question

Hawaiian term for type of lava flow typified by a smooth billowy or ropy surface

answer

pahoehoe

question

volcanic materials erupted into the atmosphere/ means fire-broken

answer

pyroclastics

question

consists of hot gases ash and debris/ extremely destructive and can move with deadly speed/ 100mph

answer

pyroclastic flow

question

in the shape of a broad low dome built by successive flows of fluid basaltic lava flow including pahoehoe and aa./ form above hot spots

answer

shield volcano

question

makes magma more viscous because of the strong tendency of silicon and oxygen atoms to combine together even before magma solidifies

answer

silica

question

frequently symmetrical "composite" volcanoes because they are constructed of complexly alternating layers of lava and other volcanic debris. very dangerous/ subduction zones

answer

stratovolcano

question

resistance to flow/ lower viscosity easier flow

answer

viscosity

question

Volume of material ejected •Height the eruption reached •Duration of the eruption

answer

volcanic explosivity index

question

places where molten rock or magma rises from great depths to the uppermost levels of the crust and onto the surface

answer

volcano

question

The eruption of the one with high silica magma is going to be a bigger explosion gas is trapped and cannot flow easily

answer

How would you expect the eruption of a volcano that taps low silica magma to differ from the eruption of one that taps high silica magma?

question

stratovolcanoes

answer

Which type of volcanoes are found above subduction zones (convergent plate boundaries)?

question

shield volcanoes

answer

Which type are found on above hot spots?

question

no

answer

Would you expect to find volcanoes along transform plate boundaries?

question

Mt. Pinatubo-Stratovolcano Mt. Rainier-Stratovolcano Mt. St. Helens-Stratovolcano

answer

What kind of volcanoes are Mt. Pinatubo, Mt. Rainier, and Mt. St. Helens?

question

HOt Spots Hawaii

answer

What are the geographic locations of some shield volcanoes?

question

pyroclastic flows erupt explosively send a colin of debris into stratosphere causing a choking layer over thousand of square mils

answer

Which volcanic hazards are most associated with stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes)?

question

Pyroclastic flow

answer

Which volcanic hazards could you definitely NOT out run?

question

when the discharge speeds out overall several channels and its sediment is deposited in a fan like way/ over the land

answer

alluvial (alluvium-sand or gravel) fan

question

where many small channels interconnect between areas of sediment deposition

answer

braided stream

question

amount of bed and suspended load a stream can carry/ increases with increase in velocity

answer

carrying capacity

question

place where water is more or less continuously present and the main current flows/ vary in shape from big to small/ when channel is overtopped by water theta is when flooding occurs

answer

channel

question

how much water a river can carry/ width and depth

answer

cross section

question

as it removes bank material the river commonly develops a bare steep or overhanging bank

answer

cut bank

question

deposit of sediment into the mouth of a stream where it can then enter a body of water like an ocean or lake

answer

delta

question

when velocity increases the deposition of the rocks increases

answer

depostion

question

the amount of water flowing in a river at any given time/ it is the volume of water flowing past a specific point on the river per second Q( discharge)=a(cross sectional area0 x V (stream velocity)

answer

discharge

question

•The land area that contributes runoff (overland flow) to a particular stream

answer

drainage basin

question

•A high area or ridge that separates drainage basins •Also called the drainage basin boundary

answer

drainage divide

question

two directions: cuts its channels down to lower and lower elevations or cut laterally into the channels sides the rivers banks.enables water flow to move laterally as much as hundreds of meters per year in some places

answer

erosion

question

occurs when a storm dumps a large amount of rain over a watershed in a relatively short period of time./ high volume of flooding water in very short duration characteristic short lag time usually in upstream

answer

flash flood

question

level areas adjacent to rivers that floodwaters commonly inundate

answer

floodplain

question

slope of river

answer

gradient

question

Graphic representation of a river's discharge over time/ urban vs. forrest land

answer

hydrograph

question

affects how much water is flowing into river

answer

infiltration

question

The amount of time between theoccurrence of peak rainfall and the onset of flooding

answer

lag time

question

show the range in elevation of a rivers channel along its length/ show vertical drop

answer

longitudinal profile

question

bends in the river

answer

meander

question

Natural deposits formed along river banks when the river overtops its bank. Can also refer to man-made structures meant to provide additional channel area to help prevent flooding.

answer

natural levee

question

crescent shaped body of standing water in an abandoned channel of meandering stream

answer

oxbow lake

question

depositional feature made of alluvium that accumulates on the inside bend of streams and rivers below the slip-off slope.

answer

point bar

question

the average time between past flood events of a similar size

answer

recurrence interval

question

involve large volumes of water because they develop in olarfer watersheds

answer

regional or lowland flood

question

area adjacent to the river channel that is reserved to czarry flood water and where no buildings or fill is permitted

answer

regulatory floodway

question

when the ground is saturated with water and causes overland flow/ more urbanization more runoff because its not infiltrating the ground

answer

runoff

question

carried along rivers

answer

sediment

question

streams that flow into another stream

answer

tributary

question

an area where the surface runoff from precipitation onto the land flows together toward lower areas such as lakes or oceans

answer

watershed

question

velocity and discharge

answer

What two things control the rate at which a river can erode?

question

low gradient floodplain meander velocity varies with channel shape

answer

What features are found on the low-gradient part of a stream?

question

upland: shorter duration floods smaller area lowland: longer duration greater magnitude larger area

answer

How does the cross-sectional profile of a river vary as you go from the upland area to the lowland area?

question

makes the profile shallow upstream of the dam and steeper downstream of the dam. deposition in the reservoir and erosion down stream of the dam

answer

If you build a dam across a river creating a reservoir, what happens to the longitudinal profile? Eventually, what happens to the reservoir?

question

the hydrograph would be much higher with regional floods because they typically last longer and there is more time to evacuate flash floods would be a smaller record of discharge/ the regional flood will show a more gradual increase it will show more people have time to prepare

answer

How does the hydrograph for a regional or low-land flood differ from that of a flash or upland flood?

question

REgional floods cause more property damage then flash floods but fewer deaths

answer

Know the other difference between regional and flash floods.

question

climb up to safety

answer

What should you do if you are hiking in a narrow river valley and you hear a flash flood headed down the valley?

question

2 feet

answer

How deep does water have to be in order to make a car float?

question

an estimate of the side of a flood having a recurrence interval of 100 years based on extrapolations of historical annual flood and recurrence interval date.

answer

What is a 100-year flood?

question

Urbanization increases both the frequency of flooding, particularly, of lower-magnitude, flash floods. Due to the contruction of buildings and pavement that comes with urbanization, less water can infiltrate into the ground.

answer

What is the impact of urbanization on flood frequency and the sizes of floods?

question

more frequent flooding no where for the water to inflitration. Discharge increases tremendously. Quicker and stronger peak. Short term flood

answer

How does the hydrograph for a river change after urbanization? Why?

question

slow water delivery to rivers- add some friction to slow it down(basins) divert or store excess water/ build levees, dams/ can be expensive lead to even greater flood losses over time and negatively affect wetlands requires maintenance money later down the river the water will still flood levees can fail

answer

List some "structural approaches" to mitigating floods. List problems associated with each one.

question

floodplain management restrict debelopment and restore river ecosystems

answer

List two "nonstructural approaches" to mitigating floods. List problems associated with each one.

question

build it up higher

answer

Describe a way to flood-proof a building.

question

•Material moves as one piece •On a planar surface •Surface is tilted •Surface may be bedding, foliation, cracks •Also called translational slides

answer

block glide

question

anywhere there is limestone/ can create sink holes in ceilings

answer

collapse

question

Material flows •Material can be rock, debris or earth •Material has some water in it •Material moves slowlyfreeze-thaw cycle

answer

creep

question

course grain soil flow down very rapidly

answer

debris avalanche

question

material that varies depending on what type of material is involved and its water context.; can include water mud boulders and trees and rock fragments

answer

debris flow

question

chemical weathering

answer

dissolution

question

gravity/ the force behind slope

answer

driving force

question

fastest mass movements characterized by the tumbling rolling or free fall of materials down a steep slope or clidd

answer

fall

question

rather then falling slumping or sliding as a block or mass materials move more like a liquid/much faster then creep

answer

flow

question

resistance to movement along a contact between two bodies such as blocks of rock or sand grains/ materials with rough surfaces have more friction then smooth slippery ones

answer

friction

question

downslope movement of earth materials under the influence of gravity/ mass movements

answer

landslide

question

any downward movement of rock or soil due to gravity Only need a slope of 5 Degrees

answer

mass movement

question

landslide/ mass movement all same thing/ one of the most expensive natural hazards in US

answer

mass wasting

question

pressure of water that fills the voids or soil of rock mass

answer

pore pressure

question

oppose gravity and work to maintain slope stability/ friction

answer

resisting force

question

breaks free and falls to the base

answer

rock fall

question

the slide surface is a two diminutional planar surface

answer

rock slide( translational landslide)

question

small circular depressions

answer

sinkhole

question

material moves downslope along a sloping surface/ very slow to fast/

answer

slide plane

question

•Material moves as one piece •On a curved surface that cuts across layers •Also called rotational slides

answer

slump(rotational landslide)

question

the settling or sudden collapse of the level surface with little or no horizontal motion

answer

subsidence

question

piles of angular rock fragments

answer

talus

question

sliding- slump slowest/ rapid translational flow- add water avalanche rapid/ creep/extremly slow fall- extremly rapid/ rockfall creep mudlfows avalanches slump

answer

How are mass movement types defined?

question

water content material in mass wasting

answer

What key factors most influence mass wasting processes?

question

offset fence or leaning tree/ can clear vegetation

answer

What would you look for as evidence of creep? as evidence of a historic debris flow?

question

rotational slide or slump is when the material can slide downward or outward along concave surface and can be broken up. Translational landslide the material remains intact and slides as a single coherent mass or group.

answer

How does a rotational landslide (slump) differ from a translational landslide (block glide)?

question

creep

answer

Which type of mass movement is the slowest?

question

speed in movement

answer

What role do things like bedding planes, foliations or cracks in rocks play in mass movement?

question

it increases movement/ just a little may increase friction though

answer

How does water influence mass movement?

Geology test 2 (chapter 4-8) – Flashcards

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