Geology Test 2 BLINN – Flashcards
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1980 Mt. st. Helens is an example of what type of mountain?
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explosive volcano
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the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea is an example of what type of volcano
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calm volcano
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viscosity of lava controls the type of ___________
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eruption
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a liquid resistance to flow.
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viscosity
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thick lava (slow) has what speed of viscosity?
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high viscosity
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thin lava (fast) has what speed of viscosity?
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low viscosity
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three types of eruption styles
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1. temp 2. composition 3. dissolved gas
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cold lava = thick hot lava = thin
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temperature
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the amount of silica in the lava
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composition
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gases escape as pressure decreases
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dissolved gasses
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keeps gas in till explosion results in what type of viscosity?
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high viscosity magma
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slowly lets gases out
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low viscosity magma
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-flows downhill -can predict where it will go -pahoehoe flow -Aa flow
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lava flows
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smooth, ropey, braided texture
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Pahoehoe flow
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rough, chilled outer shell, red hot center
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Aa flow
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-70% water -15% carbon dioxide -5% nitrogen and sulfure
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gases
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small fragments of rock ejected EXAMPLES: ash, lapilli, cinders, and lava bombs
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pyroclastic materials
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tiny pulverized volcanic glass from the explosion of pumice and obsidian
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ash
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walnut size pieces of pumice
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lapilli
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pea size pumice
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cinders
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large blobs of semi solid lava ejected that cool and solidify as they fall
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lava bombs
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five volcano types
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-shield -cinder cone -composite cone -pyroclastic flow -Nuee Ardante
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cinder cone volcano
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composite cones
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pyroclastic flow
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glowing cloud example
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Nuee Ardante
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process that takes place on earth's surface
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earth's external processes
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break down of rocks and minerals at the surface
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weathering
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movement of rock and soil down slope do to gravity with no agent of transport.
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mass wasting
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movement of rock and soil by agent of transport (ice, water, and wind)
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erosion
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the two types of weathering
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1. physical 2. chemical
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break down of rocks and soil without chemical change.
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physical weathering
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when rocks are moved to an unstable environment that they are unstable in and change to something stable by being broken down through chemical change.
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chemical weathering
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four important mechanical weathering processes
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1. frost wedging 2. expansion due to unloading 3. thermal expansion 4. biological activity
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when water inters into a pore or crack of a rock then the rock will break whenever the water freezes.
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frost wedging
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igneous intrusions from deep under ground EXAMPLE: enchanted rock!!
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expansion due to unloading
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when a rock is heated and cooled repeatedly expanding and contracting causes the rock to break.
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thermal expansion
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when plants and animals break up rocks
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biological activity
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what is the most chemical substance in chemical weathering?
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halite (NaCl)
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three major types of chemical weathering
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1. dissolution 2. oxidation 3. hydrolysis
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when water has extra hydrogen ions in it, it becomes an acid
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dissolution
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iron reacts with oxygen to produce types of iron oxide
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oxidation
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when olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite when these oxidize it will produce...
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hematite and limonite
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FeS2
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oxidation of pyrite
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reaction that takes place between water and a silicate mineral
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hydrolysis
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mechanical weathering causes _________ surface area
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more
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-provides energy for reactions -more energy or less depend on this
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temperature
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climate depends on these two things
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1. temperature 2. water
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cold and dry create what speed of weathering
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slow weathering
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hot and wet creates what type of weathering?
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fast weathering
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forms when the solid earth, the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere interact
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soil
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broken rock and minerals
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regolith
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a combination of minerals , rocks, organic, material, water, and air
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soil
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what is "good" soil made of?
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25% air 25% water 45% minerals 5% organic material
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the rock that breaks up to start soil formation
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parent material
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two types of soil
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1. residual 2. transported
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formed as the rock breaks down
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residual
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form on loose broken up rocks
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transported soil
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the longer the soil develops the thicker and richer it is, the more __________ increases the amount of organic matter.
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time
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temperature and rainfall impact soil development
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climate
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sedimentary can be... 3
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-eroded -transported -deposited
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all chemical, physical, and biological changes in the sediment after deposition
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diagenesis
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process that turns sediment into solid rock
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lithification
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compaction is most effective in ______ _______ sediments
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fine grained
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minerals precipitate out of solution and fill the space between grains.
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cementation
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two main types of sedimentary rocks
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-clastic (detrital) -chemical
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made of rock and mineral grains, often cemented together.
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clastic (detrital)
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composed of minerals that precipitated out of solution by evaporating or chemical solution
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chemical
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two types of chemical sedimentary rocks
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-organic -inorganic
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composed in part by minerals that precipitate by animals
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organic
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no life involved, formed by chemical reaction
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inorganic
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most abundant mineral in clastic rocks
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quartz
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classification of detrital sedimentary rocks are based on grain size, which is based on reflection of ________ __________.
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current viscosity
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faster water flow more grains carried
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current velocity
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fine grained clastic sedimentary rock that is fissile.
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shale
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fine grained clastic sedimentary rocks that break into clumps
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mudstone
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the range of grain size in the sandstone
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sorting
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well sorted and rounded grains have longer _________ __________.
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transport distance
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how round the grains are round
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rounding
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the type of minerals changes with transport distance
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composition
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rock that is transported far enough to be rounded but not sorted
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conglomerate
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rock with little to no transport
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breccia
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individual called polyps and live in large colonies, and produce large skeletons of calcium carbonate.
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coral reefs
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large, wave resistant structure, produced by coral and animals
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reef
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composed of the calcium carbonate skeletons of plantic organisms
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chalk
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inorganic limestone forms by
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chemical reaction
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adds layers as it moves along the sea floor
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oolitic limestone
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a mineral that is almost the same as calcite
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dolostone
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minerals that form when seawater or saltwater evaporates.
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evaporite
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composed of plant material
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coal
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loose plant fragments, low carbon, low energy, high moisture.
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peat
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composed of plant that has been compacted, high carbon, high energy, low moisture.
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lignite
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composed of compressed lignite, high carbon, high energy, low moisture.
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bituminous
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composed of metamorphosed bituminous, very high carbon, very very high, no moisture.
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anthracite
