question

which statement is correct

answer

all rocks are composed of minerals

question

which of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral

answer

organic

question

A crystalline rock is NOT likely to be formed

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from weathered fragments

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Which of the following would be true of most clastic rocks?

answer

contains different sized clasts

question

The way in which a mineral breaks is called its

answer

cleavage

question

Which of the following minerals could be scratched by all of the others

answer

gypsum

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Most crystals do not exhibit their internal structure by their outward shape because

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they didn't grow in a unconstrained environment

question

How will a mineral break if all of its bonds are equal in strength preventing the mineral from breaking along any plane?

answer

irregular curved fracture

question

What element makes up the most important group of minerals on Earth?

answer

Si

question

Sulfates contain sulfur and

answer

oxygen

question

Calcite is an important

answer

carbonate

question

The Silicon-Oxygen tetrahedron is the basic building block of the silicate minerals. What atoms does it contain?

answer

one Si and 4 O

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The tetrahedron has an overall charge of

answer

-4

question

independent tetrahedra

answer

olivine

question

single chain

answer

pyroxenes

question

double chains

answer

amphiboles

question

sheets

answer

mica and clay

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framework

answer

quartz and feldspar

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Quartz (SiO2) is a silicate with one Si for every 2 O. It is

answer

silica

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Quartz

answer

hard mineral that breaks with conchoidal fracture

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Olivine

answer

a green mineral composed of iron and magnesium w independent tetrahedra

question

Pyroxene

answer

a mafic single chained silicate w 90 degree cleavage planes

question

muscovite

answer

a light aluminum silicate with a single cleavage plane

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amphibole

answer

a double chained mafic silicate w long skinny crystals

question

plagioclase

answer

a felsic silicate which is either rich in Ca or in Na

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biotite

answer

a dark sheet silicate

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The word _______________ could either refer to a silicate mineral that forms microscopic sheets, or the word could refer to the smallest sized fragment, regardless of its mineral content

answer

clay

question

pyrite

answer

FeS2; also known as fool's gold

question

hematite

answer

an iron oxide w a red streak

question

magnetite

answer

an iron oxide that is magnetic

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calcite

answer

calcium carbonate mineral that makes up limestone and shells

question

halite

answer

NaCl

question

galena

answer

dense metallic mineral that contains lead

question

gypsum

answer

a chemical precipitate that is a hydrated (contains water) sulfate

question

Rocks of the mantle and ocean crust have high iron and magnesium content, and are called

answer

mafic

question

Where would you find the most diverse set of minerals?

answer

at the surface

question

What mineral is common in the mantle?

answer

olivine

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What is the most abundant element in the crust?

answer

oxygen

question

What will chlorine do in order to become more stable?

answer

gain an electron to become a negative ion

question

Oxygen is in the VI column of the periodic table which means that it

answer

needs 2 more electrons to complete its outer shell

question

The Van de Waals bonds in mica and clay are best described as

answer

intermolecular forces

question

In calcite the bonds are

answer

covalent between C and O, but ionic with Ca

question

What kind of bonds make a diamond such a hard mineral?

answer

covalent

question

Why does salt dissolve in water?

answer

the polar water molecules attract the Na+ and the Cl- ions

question

What happens when salt water evaporates?

answer

Na+ and Cl- form ionic bonds and precipitate

question

Lakes rarely freeze solid because

answer

water is denser than ice

question

What is the main ingredient in cement?

answer

calcite

question

Kitty litter is made out of __________ because it absorbs liquids very well

answer

clay

question

Which of the following minerals contains useful amounts of copper

answer

malachite

question

Define what a mineral is and explain the difference between a rock and a mineral

answer

a mineral is a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic compound with a unique chemical composition and crystalline structure. a rock is a solid mass composed of multiple minerals or other organic compounds

question

explain the difference between a clastic rock and a crystalline rock

answer

a clastic rock is composed of older rocks or previously existing solid matter. a crystalline rock is made up of minerals in crystalline structure

question

explain the following properties of a mineral

answer

hardness-resistance to being scratched acid test-reaction to HCl (bubbles=effervesces) streak-color of a mineral's streak (not always the same as its color) magnetism-magnetite makes minerals magnetic specific gravity-mineral's density (classified as light, medium, and heavy) luster-metallic (medal looking) or non-metallic (vitreous-->glassy, silky, pearly, dull/earthy, resinous-->waxy) cleavage-the way in which a mineral breaks (shows atomic structure)-->number of panes and relative degrees crystal shape-the way in which a mineral forms

question

define crystalline structure

answer

uniform atomic structure throughout the entire material

question

explain cleavage in a mineral and be able to identify the number of cleavage planes of minerals

answer

-the way in which a mineral breaks (different than the way it forms) -cleavage planes, conchoidal fracture etc.

question

summarize the following classes of minerals and the main chemical characteristic of each class and examples of each

answer

Silicates: contain S2- and O2- (esp. SiO2^4-) important metal ores, ex. galena: Pbs-->lead sulfide Carbonates: contain CO3^2-, ex. calcite: CaCO3 (most imp./common) Oxides: contain O^2- and another element, ex. magnetite: Fe3O4, hematite: Fe2O3 Halides: contain a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, At), ex. halite: NaCl Sulfates: contain SO4^2-, ex. gypsum: CaSO42H20, calcium sulfate dihydrate Sulfides: contain S2- ex. galena: Pbs, sulfur: S2-, pyrite: FeS2-->iron sulfide

question

sketch or explain a silica tetrahedron and how 2 tetrahedra can join

answer

SiO4^4- tetrahedrons connected by cations see diagram

question

explain or sketch how silica tetrahedra link in different geometries to produce five silicate mineral groups

answer

-isolated tetrahedra (tetrahedra connected by cations) -single chains (tetrahedra share oxygens (covalent bonds) to create chains that are connected by cations (ionic bonds) -doubles chains (tetrahedra share oxygens (covalent bonds) to create double chains that are connected by (ionic bonds) cations) -sheet (tetrahedra share oxygens (covalent bonds) to create sheets that are connected by (ionic bonds) cations (muscovite-->biotite mica, muscovite mica, kaolinite) -framework (tetrahedrons share oxygens (covalent bonds) to create a solid structure (feldspar-->quartz)

question

know at least one example of each silicate mineral group

answer

-isolated tetrahedra=olivine -single chains=pyroxenes (augite) -double chains=amphiboles-->hornblende -sheet=mica -framework=quartz

question

list the four most abundant elements in the crust and in Earth as a whole, and explain why silicate minerals are so abundant in the crust and mantle

answer

1. oxygen 2. silicon 3. aluminum 4. iron -silicate minerals are abundant: when earth cooled dense materials sunk to the core light materials (silicates) moved outside to form crust

question

explain the different types of bonds and how electrons cause each type

answer

-ionic=weak in minerals, transfer of electrons -covalent=stronger than ionic in minerals, transferring electrons -metallic=bonding within metals, stronger bonds, sharing of electrons among a lattice of cations -van der waals=weak

question

describe how halite dissolves and crystallizes in water and be able to explain the "crystal tree"

answer

-Cl- is attractive to H+ and if the attraction is strong enough the Cl is pulled away from the Na+Na is attractive to O2- and if the attraction is strong enough the Na is pulled away from the Cl -crystal tree: once dissolved in water Na is surrounded by the negative side of the water molecule (O2-) Cl- is surrounded by the positive side of the water molecule (H+)

question

Describe some uses of common minerals

answer

see around

question

Describe some ways we use the physical properties of minerals

answer

see around

question

describe the geologic environments in which some gemstones form

answer

see around

question

Quartz

answer

SiO2-->silicate non-metallic glassy hard (7) conchoidal fracture forms hexagonal prism and pyramids uses: abrasive, glass, gemstones

question

Olivine

answer

(Fe, Mg)2SiO4-->silicate non-metallic dull hard poor or absent cleavage pale or dark olive green to yellow, or brown heavy uses: gemstone (peridot), ore of magnesium

question

Hornblende

answer

double chain silicate splintery long black crystals fibrous fracture light to pale grey streak uses: fire-resistant clothing

question

Augite

answer

silicate green-black 2 cleavage planes (90 degree) brittle soft/hard (5.5-6) streak: light to pale grey uses: ore of lithium

question

biotite mica

answer

aluminum silicate black (Fe, Mg) 1 perfect cleavage plane light sheety/smooth/flaky soft uses: rubber, tires, paint

question

muscovite mica

answer

aluminum silicate 1 perfect cleavage plane gold sheety light soft uses: roof shingles, makeup, glitter

question

plagioclase feldspar

answer

KAlSi3O8-->silicate non-metallic glassy white! hard parallel striations (scratches) 2 cleavage planes (90 degree) brittle uses: ceramics, glass, enamel, soap, false teeth, scouring powders

question

potassium feldspar

answer

KAlSi3O8-->silicate pink! non metallic glassy hard lamellae (wavy lines) 2 cleavage planes (90 degree) uses: ceramics, enamel, soap, false teeth, sourcing powders

question

Talc

answer

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2-->Silicate non-metallic pearly (feels soapy) microscopic cleavage (powdery/chalky) light very soft uses: talcum powder, facial makeup, paint, ceramics, sculptures

question

Kaolinite (clay)

answer

sheet silicate (too small to see individual crystals) very soft non metallic dull excellant microscopic cleavage (feels chalky/powdery) uses: pottery, clay

question

Gypsum

answer

CaSO4*2H2O-->sulfate non-metallic glassy 2-3 cleavage planes (2 excellant + 1 weak-->not at 90 degree--> can look like a rhombus) very soft transparent-translucent uses: plaster (heat up to remove water-->add water=plaster of paris)

question

diamond

answer

C 111 cleavage planes (perfect in 4 directions) hard (10) non metallic glassy uses: jewelry, saw blades

question

Magnetite

answer

Fe3O4-->iron oxide grey streak heavy magnetic metallic uses: ore of iron

question

Hematite

answer

Fe2O3-->iron oxide red streak hard no cleavage rough/earthy metallic uses: important ore of iron, makeup (red), paint (red)

question

Galena

answer

PbS-->sulfide silver soft 3 cleavage planes (90 degree) heavy metallic uses: ore of lead

question

Sulfur

answer

S-->sulfide non-metallic dull yellow (streak and color) very soft light smells bad uses: sulfuric acid

question

Graphite

answer

C metallic very soft 1 cleavage plane (very soft) silvery grey to black forms flakes, short hexagonal prisms, and earthy masses feels greasy uses: lubricant (as in graphite oil), pencil leads, fishing rods

question

Calcite

answer

CaCO3-->Carbonate non-metallic opaque excellant cleavage planes (not 90 degree) rhombus HCl causes to effervesce double refraction

question

Halite

answer

NaCl-->halide non-metallic very soft, 2 excellant cleavage in 3 directions (90 degree) uses: table salt

question

Azurite

answer

copper carbonate non-metallic blue soft uses: ore of copper

question

Malachite

answer

copper carbonate non metallic green soft uses: ore of copper

question

Mineral Properties Lab...see

answer

see

question

feldspar

answer

most common mineral

question

rocks v mineral

answer

rock=mixture of minerals mineral=pure substance (definite chemical composition Ex. SiO2), solid, crystalline structure, naturally occurring

question

ion

answer

charged atom which has gained/lost an electron

question

isotope

answer

an atom with an unusual number of neutrons-->unusual mass

question

Kinds of bonds

answer

ionic-bond btwn 2 oppositely charged ions covalent-bond btwn atoms that share electrons metallic-fast w electrons-->conduct van der waals-very weak bond

question

important ions in minerals

answer

negative ions (anions-gained electrons) non metals ex. O-2, Cl- positive ions (most important in minerals) most are metals ex. Fe+2 *cations tend to move easily, replace each other

question

graphite forms

answer

under greatest temperature -can be burned, when you burn something you oxidize it

question

diamond forms

answer

under greatest pressure

question

rules for building a mineral

answer

every atom of one element has 2 critical characteristics: characteristic radius about 0.2-2.5X10^-10 characteristic valence (ionic charge) total charge of the unit cell (building block) must be zero; otherwise powerful electric field forces would explode structure positive ions touch negative ions (usually O-2) but not each other number of anions (oxygens) around a cation is determined by the ratio of their radii bonding of a cation to anion is due to attraction or bond, either: ionic, covalent order created incrementally as crystal grows

question

important non silicates

answer

carbon graphite diamond

question

Carbonates

answer

CaCO3=calcite CaMg(CO3)2=dolomite

question

Oxides

answer

combined with oxygen magnetite=Fe3O4, magnetic Hematite=Fe2O3, red/rust both are important ores of iron/steel

question

Chloride

answer

NaCl common mineral formed by the evaporation of seawater -salt/halite -crystalline cubic structure 3 cleavage planes at right angles

question

sulfate

answer

SO4-2 gypsum calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO42H2O

question

sulfides

answer

pyrite galena sphalerite -important metal ores

question

sheet silicate

answer

neg charge micas clay

question

Hardness

answer

resistance to being scratched scratch test-->scratch 2 things-->whichever scratched the other is harder moh's scale of mineral hardness 1. talc 2. gypsum 3. calcite 4. fluorite 5. apatite 6. feldspar 7. quartz 8. topaz 9. corundum 10. diamond 2.5=fingernail 5.5=glass 6-6.5=steel file (ex. knife)

question

Tenacity

answer

resistance to being broken or bent or deformed in any way brittle (ex diamond, glass) elastic (ex. ball, mica)-bounds back into shape once you've tried to deform it malleable (ex gold-->most malleable mineral)-bend it into whatever shape you want to fibrous (ex asbestos) sectile (ex can carve it with a knife) flexible (bendable but doesn't snap back into shape)

question

Cleavage

answer

the way in which a mineral breaks-->shows atomic structure number of planes and relative degrees of planes help decipher element best way to figure out-->smash rock-->can't-->closely examine-->flash of light on cleavage crystalline pattern-easy to see how atoms separate to produce cleavage with cubic 90 degree angles-->break along weak bonds galena + fluorite-straight cut lines are natural common salt (halite) very good cleavage in 3 drxns at 90 degree angles feldspar blocky cleavage (2 drxns) some minerals so small can't see cleavage planes talc (soap), feels soapy and smooth bc the minerals break at cleavage planes fluorite=cleavage octahedron (4 planes)-->double pyramid-->both side's cleavage planes at same angle are the same plane

question

Fracture

answer

obsidian (not a mineral) + quartz-conchoidal fracture-->breaks along a curved line

question

streak

answer

the color of a mineral's powder (not its color) streak plate=ceramic tile hematite=red streak sphalerite=ore of zinc, yellow streak gold-gold streak, fools gold-grey streak

question

luster

answer

not obvious if rock has weathered -metallic shiny in a medal kind of way-->can be silver or gold -silver -stibnite -galena -marcasite -pyrite -non metallic glassy silky pearly dull resinous graphite

question

color

answer

the worst way to identify a rock calcite=has various colors quartz=add tiny bits of other things get tons of other colors indicative color minerals w single distinct colors= turquoise sulfur rhodochrosite=pink malachite azurite

question

specific gravity

answer

classified as light, medium, heavy gold very heavy

question

taste

answer

halite is salty

question

magnetism

answer

magnetite is lodestone (so magnetic, its called a magnet)

question

diaphaneity

answer

how light goes thru a mineral -transparent -translucent -opaque

question

double refraction

answer

see double thru it iceland spar calcite

question

chemical properties

answer

reaction to dilute HCl calcite reacts-->bubbles CO2

question

radioactivity

answer

geiger counter used to find uranium ore is radioactive

question

fluorescence

answer

some minerals glow under UV light

Geology Minerals Test/Chapter Four – Flashcards

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