Geology Chapter 5: Minerals – Flashcards
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What was the Zabagard?
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Above red sea, no plants, few shrubs, dug for periodite gems to wear
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Define: Mineralologists How many new minerals per year?
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- People who specialize in the study of minerals - 50 - 100
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What did Nicholas Stenno Discover?
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Geometric characteristics
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What big discovery occured in 1910 - 1920?
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That X-Rays can study the internal structure of minerals
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Define: Industrial Minerals
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Raw materials for manufacuring chemicals, concrete, and wallboard
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What are ore minerals sources of?
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Copper, gold, and provide uranuium energy
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What are the 6 requirements of a mineral?
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1) Natrurally occuring 2) Solid 3) Formed by geologic process 4) Crystalline structure 5) Defineable chemical composition 6) Inorganic
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Are liqudis and gasses minerals?
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NO
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What are the 3 types of geologic processes?
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1) Freezing of molton rock 2) Precipitation out of water 3) Chemical Reactions
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Define: Biogennic Minerals
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By product of living organisms, identical in character to minerals produced by geologic processes
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What is crystalline structure? What is crystal lattice? What is NOT a crystalline?
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- Fixed in orderly pattern - Pattern itself - Glass
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What does it mean to have a definable chemical composition?
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Able to write a chemical formula
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What is the difference between inorganic and organic molecules?
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Inorganic are most minerals and organic are those that contain carbon - hydrogen bonds
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A mineral is an ______ and a _____ is not. Crystalline is ______ structure and a Glass is not.
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- Crystalline, Glass - Organized
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Define: Plasma What happens to their structure?
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- Gas like only at high temperatures - They have been stripped of electrons
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Define: Crystal
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Single continuous piece of crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces
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What is true with crystal faces?
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The angle between 2 adjacent crystal faces of one specimen is ADJACENT to the angle between corresponding of another
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Define: Crystal Structure
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tiny balls packed tightly and held in place by chemical bonds
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What are the 3 characteristics of minerals?
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1) Type of Bonding 2) Ease of breaking 3) Geometric arrangement
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In strong minerals, they have _____ minerals with ____ melting temperatures.
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Stronger, higher
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Define: Polymorphs
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2 different minerals that have same composition
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What do balls represent? What do sticks represent?
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- Ions - Chemical Bonds
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What is the strongest arrangement in diamonds?
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Carbon arranged in Tetrahedra
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What does graphite consists of?
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Carbon arranged in hexigonal sheet by weak bonds
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If more than 1 type of atom, it is in a ____ way.
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Regular
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How are the patterns of atoms symmetrical?
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If you cut it in half, one part of mineral is mirror image of other part
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Define: Element How many natural?
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Pure substance that can NOT be separated - 96 of them
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Who created the periodic table?
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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Define: Atom What is true with elements?
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- Smallest piece of element that retains characteristics of an element - Can be subdivided into different charges
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Describe the relationship with nucleus, neutrons, protons, and electrons.
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Nucleus is center while protons neutrons are in middle. Electrons orbit around (-) charge
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Difference between atomic number and atomic weight?
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# of protons in an atom versus the ratio of atoms mass
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What is true with an anion? What type of charge?
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More electrons than protons - Negative Charge
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What is true with a cation? What type of charge?
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More protons than electrons - Positive Charge
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What do chemical bonds act as?
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Glue holding atoms together
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What does it take to be a molecule?
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Matter with 2 or more atoms
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What does it take to be a compound?
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Chemicals sub divided into 2 or more elements
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What is a chemical?
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Any single pure substance
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Why do chemical bonds form?
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Interaction of electron clouds of nearby atoms
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What are the 4 types of bonds
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1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3) Metallic 4) Bonds resulting from polarity
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How do ionic bonds form? Type of charge?
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Between ions, opposite charges
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How do covalent bonds form? Type of charge? EX?
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Sharing of electrons, neutral charge - Diamonds
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How do metallic bonds form?
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Electrons from outer shells move from one atom to next and bind to each other
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What happens with polarity?
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Positive charge and negative charge attract
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What happens with hydrogen bonds? - What is the end result?
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Shared electrons closer to oxygen side, making oxygen side more negative than hydrogen. - Water molecules are polar to attract to each other
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What do Van Der Weals Bonds do?
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Links covalently bounded molecules to each other exists because of cluster of electrons on one side
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Reactants are on the _____ side and the products are on the _____.
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Left, Right
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Define: Mixture Example?
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2 elements stirred together so one is on other - Corn and beans, can be separated
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Define: Solution
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When a solute dissolves in a solvent
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What is very polar ?
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Water
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Define: Concentration
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Amount of solute per unit of solvent
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Define: Percepitation
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When solutions are over saturated, grains separate from solution
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What is an example of evaporation?
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When solid grains of salt precipitate
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What are the 5 ways a mineral can form?
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1) Liquid freezing 2) Precipitation from solution 3) Solid state diffusion 4) Between interfaces through biomineralization 5) Precipitate on adjacent bodies
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Define: Solid State Diffusion Speed?
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Movement of atoms through a solid --> Very slow
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What does biomineralization do?
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When living organisms cause minerals
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What are the 3 steps in forming a crystal?
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1) Formation of seed / small crystal 2) Atoms surrounding attach to seed 3) Crystal grows, faces move outward
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Where is the youngest part of the crystal?
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- Outer edge
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What is the shape based on? (3)
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1) internal structure 2) dimensions 3)angles
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Define: Anhedral Grains
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Minerals without well formed crystal faces
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Define: Euhedral Grains
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Growth displays well-formed crystal faces
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Define: Geode - What type of grain?
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Mineral lined cavity in rock - Euhedral
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What happens in melting?
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Heating a mineral until thermal vibrations of atoms in lattice break chemical bonds
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When does dissolution occur?
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When a mineral is immersed in a solvent
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What 3 ways to minerals grow by?
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1) Melt 2) Diffusion 3) Precipitation
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How does a transmission electron microscope work?
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Shoots beam of electrons at a slice of crystal, because electrons are smaller than spaces, they go through and form a light spot at detector --> Those that bounce off don't
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Signals have ____ at high and _____ at low.
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Crests, troughs
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Define: Wave train
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Set of waves moving in a direction
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Define: Wavelength
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Distance between waves
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What happens with diffraction?
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When waves strikes wall with small opening it acts as a new point source of waves and waves go outward from opening
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What does color show?
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Way a mineral interacts with light, may show variance
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What does streak show?
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Cool powder produced by pulverizing mineral
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What does luster describe?
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Way mineral surface scatters light
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What does hardness describe? What is true?
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Ability of a mineral to resist scratching - Hard can scratch soft, but soft cannot scratch hard
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What does the MOHS Hardness Scale
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Compares hardness with fingernail, penny, glass plate 1-10 based on hardness
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What does specific gravity describe? Between what 2 things?
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Density of a mineral represented by ratio of mineral to water
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What is the difference between blocky, platy, and needle like?
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Blocky: Same length Platy: 2 fast 1 slow direction Needle: 2 slow and 1 fast
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When does NO cleavage exist?
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If it is equally strong in all directions
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When dos cleavage exist?
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IF breaks form planar surfaces that have specific orientation in relation to crystal structure
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What 2 ways can you not have cleavage?
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1) Irregular fractures 2) Cohchoidal fractures = smooth
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7 types of mineral classes?
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1) Silicates 2) Oxides 3) Sulfides 4) Sulfates 5) Halides 6) Carbonates 7) Native Metals
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What 3 are bonded to metal cations?
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1) Oxides 2) Sulfides 3) Sulfates
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Describe Mica
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1 strong plane of cleavage
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Define: Pyroxme
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2 planes that intersect at 90 degrees
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Define: Amphiple
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2 planes that intersect at 60 degrees
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Define: Halite
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3 perpendicular planes of cleavage
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Define: Calcite
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Silicates3 planes of cleavage, 1 is inclined
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What are the most common minerals on earth?
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...
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What does a Sillicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron look like? What does the arrangement depend on ?
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Pyramid shape with triangle faces - Degree to which tetrehedra share oxygen atoms
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Define: Inde
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