Geology 1113 Unit 2 HW Questions – Flashcards
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Compaction will be the most significant lithification process for which of the following rocks?
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shale
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Which rock is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?
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Limestone
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________ processes such as evaporation and chemical activity can precipitate chemical sediments.
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Inorganic
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________ is a biochemical sedimentary rock that often forms in carbonate reefs.
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Limestone
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________ is the process where calcium ions in limestone are replaced with magnesium or small amounts of iron.
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Dolomitization
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Which rock type can contain fossils?
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Sedimentary Rocks
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________ are fragments of pre-existing materials that have been broken down through the processes of weathering.
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Sediments
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________ is the process where sediments are converted into a sedimentary rock.
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Lithification
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What is diagenesis?
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The textural, compositional, and other changes that occur to sediments after deposition
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Which of the following mudstones displays fissility?
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shale
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Which environment would be likely to produce a black shale?
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swamp
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Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?
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Rounded fragments; poorly sorted
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Which of the following represents the single most common and characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?
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Strata
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A ________ marks the end of one episode of sedimentation and the beginning of another.
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Bedding plane
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A ________ describes how, when a sedimentary layer is examined in cross-section laterally, various parts of the layer consist of different sediments accumulating next to each other in different environments of deposition.
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Facies
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The primary basis for classifying detrital rocks is ________ whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is ________.
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Particle size; mineral composition
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________ is the process where a rock changes form or mineral content as a result of environmental changes such as heat and pressure.
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Metamorphism
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Which of the following is the parent rock for quartzite?
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Sandstone
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If clay minerals were buried at a depth where subsurface temperatures exceed 200°C, which mineral are they likely to become?
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Muscovite
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Which of the following lists of metamorphic rocks places the rocks in order from lowest metamorphic grade to highest?
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Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss
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Which of the following rocks represents the highest grade of metamorphism?
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Gneiss
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What kind of force will create foliation in metamorphic rocks?
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Compression
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Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a mantle plume?
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Contact
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________ metamorphism tends to occur in regions where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic materials accumulate in a subsiding basin.
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Burial
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In which geologic setting is the most widespread occurrence of hydrothermal metamorphism?
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Along the axis of a mid-ocean ridge system
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________ is a widespread type of metamorphism typically associated with mountain building.
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Regional metamorphism
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism?
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Convergent
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________ are materials that are good indicators of the metamorphic environment in which they formed and can be used to distinguish between various zones of metamorphism.
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Index Minerals
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What is a metamorphic facies?
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An assemblage of minerals that form in very similar metamorphic environments
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Along which type of tectonic boundary will greenschists and blueschists form?
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Convergent
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A(n) ________ facies is associated with a high pressure, low temperature environment.
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Blueschist
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Metamorphic rocks can sometimes contain unusually large grains surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of other minerals. These large crystals are called ________.
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Porphyroblasts
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What is a fossil?
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Evidence of past life that can include skeletal as well as trace material
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A mammoth frozen in the Arctic tundra of Siberia would be an example of which type of fossilization?
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Mummification
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A worm burrow is an example of which type of fossilization?
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Trace fossil
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What is correlation?
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Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
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When correlating rock between widely separated areas or between continents, what feature do geologists rely on the most?
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Fossils
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What is an index fossil?
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Organisms that were geographically widespread but limited to a short span of geologic time
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What is an isotope?
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An atom that has more or fewer neutrons than it should
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What era are we currently in?
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Cenozoic
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________ is a term used to define 88% of Earth's history prior to the start of the Paleozoic Era.
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Precambrian
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What is the definition of relative dating?
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Putting events in order from first to last
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The oldest is on the bottom, the youngest on top
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Superposition
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Sedimentary layers/lava flows are deposited in flat layers
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Original horizontality
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Rock extend in all directions until they reach the edge of a basin or pinch out
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Lateral continuity
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Faults, fractures are younger than the rocks they cut through
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Cross-cutting relationships
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Missing time
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Unconformities
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Chunks of weathered rock are older than the rock they are contained in
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Inclusions
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________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.
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Strike
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________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.
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Dip
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Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?
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Divergent
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A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
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Reverse
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Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike slip movement are called ________ faults.
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Oblique-slip
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________ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.
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Deformation
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?
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Convergent
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Forces pull apart from each other
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Tension
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Forces move toward each other
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compression
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Forces slide past each other
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shear
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Rocks will change shape due to pressure, but return to their original state when pressure is released
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Elastic Deformation
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Rocks will change shape permanently due to pressure
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Ductile Deformation
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Rocks will shatter due to pressure
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Brittle Deformation
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A ________ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.
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Basin
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How will the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline be oriented?
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The layers will open u pin the direction of plunge
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A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal.
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Recumbent
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Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?
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Oldest on the inside of the fold, youngest on the outside
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You are watching TV with a friend when there is a special bulletin about a city in California being devastated by an earthquake. The news anchor reports that the epicenter of the earthquake is 45 miles east of Los Angeles. How would you explain the definition of the epicenter to your geologically impaired friend?
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The location on the Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage
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The elastic rebound associated with earthquakes is an example of ________ deformation.
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Elastic
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________ are smaller earthquakes of lesser magnitude that follow a major earthquake.
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Aftershocks
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with megathrust faults?
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Convergent
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Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded?
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Convergent
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What is the term used to describe slow, gradual displacement along a fault without the accumulation of significant strain?
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Fault Creep
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________ is a measurement of displacement on the fault surface.
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Fault slip
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Which seismic wave will be released first during an earthquake?
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P-waves
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Generally speaking, which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram?
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Surface waves
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This body wave is a compressional wave.
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P-waves
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This body wave is a shear wave
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S-waves
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This surface wave moves from side to side.
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L-waves
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This surface wave moves up and down.
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R-waves
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Liquefaction will ________.
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Amplify the power of seismic waves
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Where is the zone of greatest seismic activity on Earth?
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Circum-Pacific Belt
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Which of the following best describes a seismic gap?
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Unusually quiet zones along typically active faults
