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Cladistics

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type of biological classification based on shared ancestry -focused on evolutionary relationships, not necessarily morphological similarities - tries to construct a tree representing the ancestry of organisms and species with an emphasis on objective and quantitative analysis -cladistics is also called Phylogenetic -doesn't use hierarchy

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Clade

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a group consisting of a single organism and all of its descnedants

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Cladogram

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a graphical representation of clades and their relationships

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Monophylteic group

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consist only of organisms descended from a single ancestor

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Paraphyletic group

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a subgroup of a monophyletic group, which consist of some but not all the descendants of a single ancestor

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Polyphyletic group

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organisms from two different monophyletic groups

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Taxonomy

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uses hierarchy and is used to formulate scientific names

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Hierarchy

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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order

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Kingdom

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Animalia

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Phylum

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Chordata

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Class

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Reptilia

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Order

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Ornithischia or Saurischian

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Saurischia-

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lizard-hipped

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Ornithischia-

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bird-hipped

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Suborders:

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Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda, Ornithopoda, Marginocephalia, and Thyreophora

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Saurischian-Theropoda-Coelurosauria

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oviraptor, velociraptor and tyrannosaurus

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Saurischian-Theropoda-Carnosauria

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Allosaurus,

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Saurischian-Sauropodomorpha-Sauropoda

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Apatosaurus, (Brontosaurus), and brachiosaurus

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Ornithischian-Ornithiopoda

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Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, and Maiasauria

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Ornithischian- Marginacephalia

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Triceratops and Pachycephalosaurus

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Ornithischian- Thyreophora

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Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus

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Species

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are named for the individual specimens found -named for discoverer and year discovered

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Posterior

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back part of body

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front of body

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Medial

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towards the middle (towards spine or midline)

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Lateral

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away from midline

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Dorsal

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back side (when parallel to the ground)

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Ventral

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stomach side (when parallel to the ground)

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Midline

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middle of body splitting someone down the middle ("symmetrically")

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Proximal

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closer to

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Distal

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away from

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Skull

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changes shape to accommodate the brain, nasal cavity, eyes and teeth

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Cranium

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head (skull)

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Nasal

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nose

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Orbit

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eye

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Fenestra

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skull openings

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Dentary

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part of the jaw where the teeth start showing (front part of jaw)

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Maxilla

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upper jaw

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Pelvis

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the steering wheel of the body Important in dinosaurs because: dinosaurs are classified into 2 distinctive orders based on the shape of the pelvis

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Ischium

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sit bones

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Pubis

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pubic bone

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Ileum

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hip bones

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Hip socket

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acetabulum

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Shoulder girdle

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attaches the forelimbs to the trunk of the body

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Scapula

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shoulder blade

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Coracoid

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Only a bone in Dinosaurs, a process in humans

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Furcula

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wish bone (when the two clavicles are one bone)

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Glenoid socket

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where the humerus, scapula and clavicle meet. A small (not very good fit) curved area for the humerus

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Clavicle

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collar bone

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Forelimb

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front limbs (arms)

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Humerus

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upper arm bone

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Ulna

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other lower arm bone

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Radius

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thumb side

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Carpal

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wrist

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Metacarpal

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hand bones

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Phalanges and claws

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Phalanx- fingers

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Manus

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entire hand

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Hind limbs

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back limbs (legs)

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Femur

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thigh bone

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Fibula

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smaller lower leg bone

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Tibia

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larger lower leg bone

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Patella

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knee cap

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Tarsals

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ankle

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Metatarsals

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foot bones

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Phalanges and claws

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Toes

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Pes

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entire foot

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Sternum

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breast bone

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Rostral bone

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found on those dinosaurs who had beak faces ex: Triceratops

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Gastralia

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false ventral ribs

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Hyoid bone

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in the throat

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Masculature

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determines girth, overall body size and weight

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Muscles/ligament

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sizes, shapes and attachments rarely preserved

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Ossified tendons

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(and rarely ligaments) may be fossilized because they entirely or partially turn into bone die to stiffening

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Tendons

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can be fossilized-- like the dinosaur in DARWIN

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Marrow

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a soft, flexible, fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced. Often fossilized.

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Bipedal

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2 legs only

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Quadrupedal

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on four legs onl

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Facultative bipedal

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a quadruped that reared up on their hind legs sometimes

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Facultative quadruped

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a biped that walked on all fours sometimes

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How did dinosaurs walk?

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they walked digitigrade (on toes)

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Cladograms

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-DO NOT indicate time, unless constructed to depict evolution by overlaying the geologic time scale -DO indicate evolutionary relationships but are always incomplete -DO indicate extinction of an evolutionary line, bot NOT necessarily of each species

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Evolutionary relationships

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Cladograms DO indicate evolutionary relationships but are always incomplete (would be better depicted with dashed lines rather than solid lines)

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Extinctions

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there were multiple extinctions during the Mesozoic

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Pattern of evolution

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the general pattern of dinosaur evolution is from small animals to large over large expanses of time

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Archosaurs

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dinosaurs diverged from Archosaurs ~230Ma (~20-25Ma into Triassic)

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Thecodont

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diverse range of early Diapsid Archosaurs

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Oldest dinosaurs

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Eoraptor (today)

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Unnamed #1

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discovered in Brazil Carnivore, flat footed: Thecodont? 2 skulls and few other bones

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Unnamed #2

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Discovered in Madagascar 1999 herbivore: Prosauropod? Only jaw bones found

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Eoraptor

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"Dawn Theif", lived ~228Ma Argentina 1991 Archosauria-Saurichian-Theropoda-Herrarasuaria- Eoraptor 3 feet long and 1 foot tall at hips Carnivorous, possible scavenger bipedal, fast runner, hollow bones, 5 fingers

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Primitive Saurischians

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diverged end of the Triassic Period: Staurikosaurus, Herrerasaurus small bipedal

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Primitive Ornithischians

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Diverged in the Early Jurassic: Lesothosaurus- bipedal, agile and fast, Fabrosaurids small bipedal

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Theropods

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Saurischians: Late Cretacioius- End of Cretacious -carnivorous, sharp teeth or beak, clawed hands and feet, 3 forward-facing toes, bipedal, fast runners

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Herrarasaurus

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Late Triassic to Early Jurassic

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Ceratosaurs

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Primitive theropods, late triassic on

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Tetanuran

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Middle Jurassic on - ****Carnosaurus and Coelurosaurs

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Segnosauria

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late Cretaceous

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Aves

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Birds

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Sauropodomorphs

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Saurischians late triassic- end of cretaceous -herbivors, blunt teeth, small heads, large bodies, long necks, largest dinosaurs, mosts quadrupedal

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Prosauropoda

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late triassic to early jurassic

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Sauropoda

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middle jurassic on

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Ornithopods

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Ornithischians Late triassic-end of creatacious -herbivors, blunt teeth, facultative quadrupedal, lacked body armor, dental batteries, 3 forward facing toes

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Fabrosauria and Lesothosauria

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late triassic to early jurassic

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Ornithopoda

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middle jurassic on

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Marginocephalia

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Ornithischians middle jurassic- endow cretacious -horned or dome-headed, herbivores, blunt teeth, some had a astral bone, quadrupedal or bipedal, extended occipital ridge

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Ceratopsian

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middle jurassic on

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Pachycephalosaurs

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early cretaceous on

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Thyreophorans

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Ornithischians early jurassic- end of cretaceous - shield bearers, primarily quadrupedal, mostly herbivorous, blunt teeth

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Stegosaurs

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middle jurassic- early K

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Ankylosaurs

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Middle jurassic on

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X

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Middle jurassic on

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5 stages of dinosaur evolution

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1) Middle-Late K: dominated by hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, ankylosaurs, coelurosaurs and carnosaurs, dwindling sauropods 2) Early K: ankylosaurs and large ornithopods dominated, primitive marginocephalia, diverse theropods + numbers of sauropods and stegosaurs dwindled 3) Late J: similiar to (2) but includes largest sauropods and allosaurids 4) Early-Middle J: mostly sauropods, stegosaurs, small ornithopods, and diverse theropods 5) Late T: dominated by small theropods with some larger prosauropods and few primitive ornithischians

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5 largest extinctions

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1) Ordovician Period (~438 Ma) 100 families 2) Devonian Period (~360 Ma) 30% of animal families 3) Permian Period (~245 Ma) 5-% animal families, 95 % marine species, and many trees 4) Triassic Period (~208 Ma) 35% of animal families. Most early dinosaur families went extinct and most synapsids died out 5) Cretaceous period (~65 Ma) ~50% life forms, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles, and much marine life

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Dinosaur extinctions

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• Most genera perished in background extinctions due to environmental changes • Angiosperms (flowering plants) diversified ; displaced many gymnosperms, an important food source for herbivores

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Clutches of eggs

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(sauropods, ornithopods, ; coelurosaurs) • Oviraptor found sitting on eggs/nest

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nesting grounds

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Montana Maiasaur GROUP nesting grounds = evidence of parenting behavior

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nests

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sub-circular crater-like soil depressions with raised rims

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solitary hunters

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very large theropods?

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pack hunters

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smaller theropods attacking big game OR mixed age range of larger theropods

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defensive behaviors

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• Armor: shields, horns • Possible armor: thickened skulls, plates • Tails: spikes, bludgeon, whip • Large size • Thick leathery skin • Camouflage • Speed

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attack behaviors

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• Fast • Agile • Slashing teeth • Clawed feet ; hands • Grasping hands • Some have large size

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social group behavior

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parenting, protection, food acquisition

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display structures

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identifying features (crests, tubes, frills, sails, horns, feathers, spikes, etc.) provide recognition of mates or opponents, ; maybe communication

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sexual dimorphism

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female vs. male - display features ; possible size differences (but we don't know what to look for)

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adult vs. juvenile

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possible acquisition of display features upon maturity

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mass-death assemblages

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multiple dinosaur fossils buried together • Some may represent a family/pack/herd that lived together • Some may represent water-transported skeletons

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age segregation

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several mass assemblage sites have narrow age range of the same dinosaur species/genus

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multiple trackways

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of the same types of dinosaurs in the same direction & often at the same speed • Individuals may have come along at different times along the same path

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advantage of herds

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safety in numbers

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advantage of pack hunting

answer

better hunting

Geology 105- Age of Dinosaurs #2 – Flashcards

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