Geology 101 exam 1: Knapp, USC – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements about the scientific method is false?
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A theory that has accumulated a substantial body of experimental support is called a hypothesis.
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How old are the oldest rocks now found on the Earth's surface?
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4.5 billion years old
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The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called
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Convection
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What are the "plates" of plate tectonics made up of?
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Lithosphere
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The east coast of North America is __________.
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Not a plate boundary
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Which relationship is correct?
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Lithosphere= crust + upper mantle
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Where is new lithosphere created?
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at divergent plate boundaries
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Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?
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carbon
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What is the name for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
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isotope
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In order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCl, __________.
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one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom
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What is limestone made of?
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calcite
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Which of the following is the least reliable physical property?
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color
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Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when ____ .
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Minerals have space to grow
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How fast do magmas rise through the crust?
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a few meters per year
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Magnetic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field occur when:
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the Earth's magnetic poles flip
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What is the approximate silica content of a granite?
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70%
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The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock.
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decrease
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Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______.
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Plutons
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The largest forms of igneous intrusions are called __________.
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batholiths
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The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is _______.
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where they solidify
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Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth's surface?
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basalt
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Which of the following elements is more abundant in the Earth's crust as compared to the Earth as a whole?
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nickel
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Which of the following tectonic settings has the greatest range in magma compositions?
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convergent plate boundaries
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The principle of "Catastrophism" views the development of Earth as:
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a series of sporadic, cataclysmic events
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Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method is true?
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A theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests.
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New oceanic crust is created at ________.
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mid-ocean ridges
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The Earth's core is made up primarily of ________
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iron
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What powers the Earth's external heat engine?
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solar energy
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In which of the following subsystems is the Earth's magnetic field generated?
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Hydrologic system
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What drives plate tectonics?
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mantle convection
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Which of the following concepts was developed earliest?
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plate tectonics
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Continental crust differs from oceanic crust in which of the following characteristics:
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Thickness, Density, and composition
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A divergent plate boundary like the East African Rift is a result of ________ stresses within the crust.
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tensional
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Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of ocean-ocean convergence?
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the Japanese islands
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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All subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries.
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Oceanic crust that records negative magnetic anomalies formed when the Earth's magnetic field was ___________.
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reversed from what it is today
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On a map of the seafloor, the boundaries between normally magnetized oceanic crust and reversely magnetized oceanic crust are called __________.
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Isochrons
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Evidence for magnetic reversals has been primarily preserved in:
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Limestone and shale accumulating in shallow ocean basins
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Mantle plumes (hot spots) form at _________.
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The crust-mantle boundary
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Isotopes of an element have different numbers of __________.
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neutrons
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What is the most common type of bonding in minerals?
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ionic bonding
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Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have?
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10
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Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?
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covalent
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What is the hardest mineral?
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diamond
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The mineral property "cleavage" refers to __________.
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the splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces
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True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.
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true
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Intrusive igneous rocks form:
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Inside the Earth's crust
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What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands?
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granite
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Which of the following statements regarding igneous rocks is false?
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Extrusive igneous rocks have larger crystals than intrusive rocks.
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Which of the following processes occurs during lithification?
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All of these may occur during lithification.
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Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?
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in the center of the flow.
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Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?
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ultramafic
