Geol Sedimentary And Metamorphic Rocks – Flashcards
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basalt aphanitic mafic
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igneous
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pumice porous felsic
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igneous
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obsidian glassy mafic
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igneous
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vesicular basalt porous mafic
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igneous
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rhyolite porphyry porphyry felsic
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igenous
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gabbro phaneritic mafic
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igenous
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scoria porous mafic
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igenous
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andesite Aphanitic intermediate
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igenous
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basalt porphyry porphyritic mafic
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igenous
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peridotite phaneritic mafic
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igenous
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granite phaneritic felsic
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igenous
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diorite phaneritic intermediate
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igenous
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sandstone clastic silicate
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sedimentary
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breccia clastic silicate
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sedimentary
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shale clastic silicate
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sedimentary
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fossiliferous limestone clastic carbonate
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sedimentary (fizzes)
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lignite coal clastic organic
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sedimentary
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bituminous coal crystalline organic
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sedimentary
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conglomerate clastic silicate
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sedimentary
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chert crystalline silicate
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sedimentary
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peat clastic organic
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sedimentary
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micrite clastic carbonate
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sedimentary(Fizzes)
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coquina clastic carbonate
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sedimentary
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slate foliated alumnous
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metamorphic
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quartzite nonfoliated quartzo-feldspathic
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metamorphic
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phyllite foliated Aluminous
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metamorphic
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schist foliated Aluminous
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metamorphic
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anthracite coal nonfoliated organic
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metamorphic
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gneiss foliated aluminous or quartzo-feldspathic
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metamorphic
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marble nonfoliated calcareous composition
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metamorphic (fizzes)
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olivine nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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pyroxene nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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amphibole nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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plagioclase feldspar nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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orthoclase feldspar nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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quartz nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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quartz (smoky) nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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quartz (rose) nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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biotite mica nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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muscovite mica nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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talc nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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kaolinite nonmetallic silicate
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mineral
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graphite metallic native element
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mineral
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hematite nonmetallic oxide
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mineral (leaves red streak)
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hematite metallic oxide
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mineral (leaves red streak)
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magnetite metallic oxide
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mineral
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sphalerite metallic sulfide
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mineral
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pyrite metallic sulfide
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mineral
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galena metallic sulfide
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mineral
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gypsum nonmetallic sulfate
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mineral
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calcite nonmetallic carbonate
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mineral (fizzes)
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halite nonmetallic halide
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mineral
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fluorite nonmetallic halide
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mineral
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Amphibole
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Color Dark green, dark brown, black Cleavage Two directions that meet at 56 and 124 degrees, uneven fracture - vitreous
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Biotite Mica
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Dark colored mica; one perfect cleavage into flexible sheets
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Calcite
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olor Usually white but also colorless, gray, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, orange Streak White Luster Vitreous Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent Cleavage Perfect, rhombohedral, three directions Mohs Hardness 3 Specific Gravity 2.7 Diagnostic Properties Rhombohedral cleavage, powdered form effervesces weakly in dilute HCl, curved crystal faces and frequent twinning Chemical Composition CaCO3 Crystal System Hexagonal
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Fluorite
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Commonly in cube-shaped crystals with four cleavage directions cutting corners of the cube
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Galena
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Commonly in cube-shaped crystals with three perfect cleavages at 90 degrees
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Graphite
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Greasy feel- leaves a mark on paper
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Gypsum
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Two varieties- selentine is colorless and nearly transparent with perfect cleavage; alabaster is rock- an aggregate of grains with vitreous luster
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Halite
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Cubic crystals and taste are diagnostic
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Hematite
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Two varieties: most common is reddish-brown masses with earthy luster; rare variety is black crystals with metallic luster
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Kaolinite
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Earthy, powdery white to gray masses; sticks to tongue
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Magnetite
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Gray-black H=6; magnetic
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Muscovite Mica
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A colorless mica one perfect cleavage; peels into flexible sheets
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Olivine
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Commonly as aggregates of green granular crystals
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Orthoclase Feldspar
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Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent Comment:Slightly pearly on cleavage Colour:Colorless to white, Greenish white, Grayish yellow, Pale pink Streak:White Hardness (Mohs):6 Hardness Data:Mohs hardness reference species Tenacity:Brittle Cleavage:Perfect Perfect on {001}, good on {010} Parting:On {100} {110} {110} {201} Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal Density:2.55 - 2.63 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.563 g/cm3 (Calculated)
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Plagioclase Feldspar
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Color Typically white to gray, may also range from colorless, through shades of off-white, to yellowish, pink, reddish brown or nearly black. Cleavage One perfect cleavage and one good cleavage that meet at nearly 90° Hardness 6 to 6.5 (harder than glass) Specific Gravity Increases from 2.6 to 2.8 depending on amount of calcium Luster Crystals are vitreous (glass-like) to porcelaneous (porcelain-like) Streak White Special Features Common twinning in the crystal structure that creates fine parallel grooves or striations on some cleavage surfaces.
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Pyrite
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Brassy gold color, hardness, and black streak are diagnostic. cubic crystals with striations on their faces or in 12-sided crystals with five-sided faces
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Pyroxene
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Two cleavages at 87 degrees and 93; major constituent of mafic and ultra mafic igneous rock
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Quartz
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Wide range of colors; six-sided crustal shape, high hardness and conchoidal fracture and diagnostic
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Sphalerite
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Wide variety of colors- including colorless; distinctive pale yellow streak
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Talc
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Greasy feel H=1
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Sedimentary Rocks
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are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place.
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Bituminous Coal
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Crystalline texture with accumulation of organic material, more lithified than lignite, usually shiny black in color
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Breccia
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Clastic texture with (bigger than sand-size), angular rock fragments.
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Chert
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Crystalline texture containing silica with siliceous composition
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Conglomerate
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Classic texture with large (bigger than sand-size), rounded rock fragments
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Coquina
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a soft limestone of broken shells, used in road-making in the Caribbean and Florida. 2. a small bivalve mollusk with a wedge-shaped shell that has a wide variety of colors and patterns.
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Clastic
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aggregate of mineral grains/rock particles or fragments of organic remains
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Crystalline
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Composed of interlocking crystals
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Carbonate
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Mainly the mineral fragments of calcite or dolomite, or chemical precipitates of calcite, or calcite plant or animal remains
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Siliceous
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Mainly quartz grains, or a precipitate of silica, or an accumulation of siliceous plant or animal remains
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Evaporites
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Formed by chemical precipitation when saltwater evaporates (gypsum or halite)
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Organics
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Certain remnants of organic chemicals and may be more than 90 percent of carbon
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argillaceous
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rocks contain mostly clay
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Sandstone
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Classic texture with sand-sized particles
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Shale
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Clastic texture with clay-sized (not visible with naked eye) particles argillaceous composition
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Limestone
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Crystalline or clastic texture containing calcite with carbonate composition
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Fossiliferous Limestone
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Clastic Texture with visible fossils, carbonate composition
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Micrite
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clastic texture (very small grains), carbonate composition
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Peat
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Clastic texture with accumulation of organic material, can see plant fragments easily broken into pieces
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Lignite Coal
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Clastic texture with accumulation of organic material, more lithified han peat, usually brown in color
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Bituminous Coal
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Crystalline texture with accumulation of organic material, more lithified than lignite, usually shiny black color
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Metamorphic Rock
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Rock whose origin is from the physical and/or chemical change of pre-existing rocks by exposing them to higher temperatures and or pressures and or passage of fluids
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Foliated
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parallel arrangement of minerals into distinct layers or bands
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non foliated
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doesn't have foliated texture
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gneiss
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foliated texture
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schist
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foliated texture
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slate
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foliated texture
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quartzite
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non-violated, quartz composition
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phyllite
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foliated texture
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marble
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non-foliated, carbonate, calcite or dolomite comp
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anthracite coal
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non foliated, organic matter
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Granite
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Coarse grain (phaneritic), Felsic Common minerals: quartz, orthoclase feldspar, muscovite mica, biotite mica, lesser amounts of amphibole
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Rhyolite
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Fine grained (aphanitic) felsic
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Diorite
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Coarse grained (phaneritic), intermediate
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Andesite
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Fine-grained (aphanitic), Intermediate
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Gabbro
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Coarse-grained (phaneritic), Mafic Common minerals: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, olivine lesser amounts of amphibole
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Basalt
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Fine-grained (aphanitic), Mafic
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Rhyolite porphyry
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Porphyritic, microscopic crystals are felsic
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Basalt porphyry
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Porphyritic, microscopic crystals are mafic
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Peridotite
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Ultramafic in composition (contains mostly olivine)
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Obsidian
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Glassy in texture
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Pumice
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Porous (vesicular) texture, vesicles are small, extremely light in weight
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Scoria
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Porous (vesicular) texture, vesicles are large and numerous
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Vesicular Basalt
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Porous (vesicular) texture, magic
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Coarse-Grained (phaneritic)
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minerals are macroscopic in size
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Fine-grained(aphanitic)
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Minerals are microscopic in size
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Porphyritic
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A mixed texture in which macroscopic crystals are embedded in a matrix of microscopic crystals
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Porous (vesicular)
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Igneous rock with vesicles- vesicles are holes, usually spherical to tubular, to oval shape
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Glassy
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Looks like glass- smooth and shiny
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Mafic
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igneous rocks that contain lots of magnesium, calcium and iron rich minerals. These rocks are usually dark colored
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Felsic
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Igneous rocks that contain lots of minerals that have compositions like feldspars, these rocks are usually light in color.
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Intermediate
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Have both mafic and felsic components
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amphibole
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two cleavage directions, 60 & 120 degrees; nonmetallic, dark colored, vitreous; 5-6 hardness (About the same as glass)
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biotite mica
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cleavage in one direction; thin sheets, transparent, nonmetallic, dark colored; vitreous 2.5-3 hardness (softer than penny)
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calcite
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cleavage in 3 directions at 90; 3 hardness (harder than a penny, softer than glass); colorless, non metallic, light colored
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fluorite
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cleavage in 4 directions; colorless, purple, green, cube shaped crystals, non metallic, light colored; 4 hardness (harder than penny, softer than glass)
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galena
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3 cleavage directions at 90; metallic luster, silvery or battleship gray; 2.5 hardness (softer than glass, harder than a penny)
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graphite
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one cleavage direction; gray-black, silvery, platy appearance, metallic luster; 1-2 hardness (softer than a fingernail)
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gypsum
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prominent cleavage in one direction; white or colorless, splits into slabs, massive majority is fine grained, granular, non metallic, light colored; 1.5 hardness (softer than fingernail)
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halite
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cleavage in 3 directions at 90; colorless, cube shaped crystals, tastes salty, non metallic, light colored; 2-2.5 hardness (softer than penny, harder than fingernail)
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hematite
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no cleavage; earthly luster, may occur in smooth mounds, nonmetallic, dark colored; 5-6.5 hardness (softer than glass harder than a penny)
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kaolinite
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cleavage in one direction rarely seen; white, typically powdery masses, sticks to the tongue, non metallic, light colored; 2-2.5 hardness (softer than fingernail)
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magnetite
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no cleavage; magnetic, black or dark gray, black streak, metallic luster; 5.5-6.5 hardness (harder than a glass plate)
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muscovite mica
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perfect cleavage in one direction; white or colorless streak, colorless or light tan or yellow, can be peeled into transparent sheets, non metallic; 2-2.5 hardness (softer than a fingernail)
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olivine
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conchoidal fracture; green, may occur in granular masses, nonmetallic, dark colored; 6.5-7 hardness (harder than glass)
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orthoclase feldspar
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cleavage two directions at 90; colorless, salmon, gray, green, white, stubby prismatic crystals, three polymorphs, non metallic, light colored; 6 hardness (harder than glass)
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plagioclase feldspar
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cleavage in two directions at 90; colorless, white, gray, black, solid solution between sodium and calcium, non metallic, light colored; 6-6.5 hardness (harder than glass or knife softer than a streak plate)
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pyrite
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conchoidal fracture; black streak, brassy yellow, commonly in 12 sided crystals or cubes with striated faces, metallic luster; 3.5-4 hardness (harder than a penny)
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pyroxene
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cleavage in two directions; dark green or brown, commonly in elongate crystals, nonmetallic, dark colored; 5-6 hardness (about same as glass)
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quartz
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conchoidal fracture; variable color, often in elongate six-sided crystals, non metallic, light colored; 7 hardness (harder than glass)
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sphalerite
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six directions not all visible at once; brown, black, white, resinous luster, cream-colored streak, nonmetallic, dark colored; 3.5-4 hardness (harder than a penny, softer than glass)
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talc
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prominent cleavage in one direction; white, gray, feels greasy, non metallic, light colored; 1 hardness (softer than fingernail)
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bituminous coal
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organic, carbon, <1/256, black, may have subtle bedding, typically breaks into blocks, may contain plant fossils, 85% carbon, medium hard
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breccia
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silici-clastic, gravel, >2, clasts are bigger than peas, you can measure clasts with a ruler, angular clasts
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chert
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chemical, quartz, <1/256, grains are too small to see, tends to be porcelainous, very hard, fractures concoidally, crystalline, siliceous
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conglomerate
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silici-clastic, gravel, >2, clasts are bigger than peas, you can measure clasts with a ruler, rounded clasts
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coquina
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biochemcial, calcite, >2, a weakly cemented hash of shells
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fossiliferous limestone
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biochemical, btwn 1/256 and 2, tends to be grayish, reacts with acid, visible fossils
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lignite coal
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organic, carbon, <1/256, black, typically breaks into blocks, may contain plant fossils, 50% carbon, fairly soft, clastic texture
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micrite
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biochemical, btwn 1/256 and 2, tends to be grayish, reacts with acid, very fine grained
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peat
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organic, carbon, <1/256, black, may have subtle bedding, typically breaks into blocks, may contain plant fossils, softest coal
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sandstone
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silici-clastic, sand, 1/16 to 2, grains are easily visible and identifiable with a ruler
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shale
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silici-clastic, clay, <1/256, individual grains are not visible, composed dominantly of clay, breaks into thin plates
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anthracite coal
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organic, carbon, <1/256, black, may have subtle bedding, typically breaks into blocks, may contain plant fossils, 95% carbon, quite hard
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gneiss
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foliated, layered, quartzo-feldpsathic and aluminou, highest grade
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marble
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nonfoliated, calcareous
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phyllite
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foliate fine grained, aluminous 2nd grade
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quartzite
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non foliated, quartzo-feldspathic
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schist
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foliated, mafic
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slate
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foliated fine grained, lowest grade
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andesite
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fine-grained (aphanitic), intermediate
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basalt
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aphanitic, mafic
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basalt porphyry
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porphyritic, microscopic minerals are mafic
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diorite
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coarse-grained (phaneritic), intermediate
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gabbro
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phaneritic, mafic
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granite
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phaneritic, felsic
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obsidian
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glassy, mafic
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peridotite
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ultramafic in composition, contains mostly olivine, phaneritic
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pumice
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porous vesicular texture, small vesicles, extremely light weight, felsic
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rhyolite
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aphanitic, felsic
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scoria
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porous, vesicles are large and numerous, intermediate to mafic
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vesicular basalt
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porous, mafic
