Geography Semester 1 Notes
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Inca rulers paid their laborers in clothing and food.
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True
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\"Quechua\" refers to the people, the religion, and the language of the native people of South America.
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True
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The higher social classes loved Eva Peron as much as the lower social classes.
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False. Evita was not as revered by upper social classes as she was by the poor.
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What were the main uses for silver and gold in the Inca civilization?
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Mainly for aesthetics (mainly for decoration)
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How did the language of Quechua spread throughout the Andes?
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The Roman Catholic Church used Quechua to preach Christianity.
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Which South American country has the most Catholics?
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Brazil
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Eva Peron worked diligently for what people of Argentina?
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The poor and less fortunate
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Gaucho, vaqueiro, huaso and llanero are all another word for what?
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cowboy
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Which of the following describes the most similar characteristic shared by Argentina and the United States?
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Argentina and the U.S. are both considered \"melting pot\" nations.
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How does the religious affiliation differ between North and South America?
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There are more Christians in South America than North America.
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Lima, which emerged as the richest city in the New World, was the center of Inca life and the home of its leaders.
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false, it is Cuzco, Peru
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The native religion of the indigenous population of South America continues to be practiced today.
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true
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Why did the Spaniards seek to conquer the Inca?
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They heard the Inca had a lot of gold.
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Who is the Creator God of the Inca?
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Viracocha
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How did the Inca try to appease Supai, God of death?
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The Inca sacrificed over 100 children a year to him.
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Eva Peron was loved by her descamisados - a term meaning which of the following?
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shirtless ones
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Modern culture in South America is primarily influenced by which of the following?
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Native cultures of the people European culture brought by conquistadors United States culture on television
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Gauchos
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These men are still are an integral part of the ranching areas of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
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90% of people in S. America practice Christainity
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true
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Pablo Neruda
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Known as the \"people's poet,\" wrote extensively about South America. He was a poet, writer, diplomat, political activist, and Nobel Prize winner.
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Nueva Cancion
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Modern style of music in South America that combined traditional Latin American folk music with modern rhythm and politicized lyrics.
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Human geography
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Examines the cultural, political, social, and economic systems, and characteristics of various people
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source
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Where a river or stream orginates
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mouth
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Where a river empties into another body of water
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sound
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large body of water between a coastline & island(s)
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spatial analysis
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Locating your space and evaluating it in relation to someplace else
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Latitude, Ocean currents, Winds & airmass, Elevation, Relief, Nearness to water
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6 factors that affect climate
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Market Economy
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Private companies make decisions about economy. Often found in democracies
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Command Economy
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government committees make decisions about quantity manufactured, prices, and wages
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traditional economy
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decisions made based on tradition and culture
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Climate in Canada
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subarctic along US border & arctic in North
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Climate in Mexico
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ranges from tropical to desert
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Fjords
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long, narrow, coastal valleys, carved out by glaciers
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weathering
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breakdown of rock due to rain, wind, ice, sunlight, and plants.
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Prevailing Westerlies
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winds that blow west to east between 30 and 60 degrees in the northern and southern hemispheres
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Role of Prevailing Westerlies
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to carry the warm waters and winds from equator to the weatern coast
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What are the most important resources in Canada?
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timber and oil
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What is the major role of forests in North America?
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timber & hunting, recreation, source of drinking water
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push factor
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reasons that cause a person to leave their home country.
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pull factor
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something that draws you to a new country ex - opportunities, religious freedom
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columbian exchange
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Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas
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urbanization
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process by which more & more people move to city
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megalopolis
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great, large city
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desertification
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caused by climate change or destructive land use
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25% percentage of world's lumber harvest goes to paper production
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true
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Americans are concerned about illegal immigration because
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-illegal immigrants put a strain on public services -American tax dollars supporting services for children of illegal immigrants -illegal immigrants willing to work for lower wages, eliminating jobs for Americans
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Immigrant
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leaves one country to settle permanently in another
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Glaciers
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have sculpted mountains & carved out valleys. Still flow and shape the landscape today
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What is the percentage of energy provided by renewable energy resources in the US?
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9%
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migration
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largest factor leading to increase urbanization
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Hispaniola
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Haiti and Dominican Republic
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What is Dominican of Republic dependent of?
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was dependent on export of sugar and other agricultural products but now tourism is the country's 2nd most important source of foreign exchange after sugar
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Olmec
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considered the mother-culture of pre-Hispanic Mexico
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Mayan
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until 1900's Maya was considered parent-culture
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Aztecs
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has tradition of human sacrifice
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What is the economy of Central America?
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primarily based on agriculture & tourism
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Why would countries of C. America be referred to as a Developing Nation?
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-lack of industrialization -limited social programs -absence of a free market econmy
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developed country
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has no political leader telling businesses what to make, or how much to charge, or how to pay the workers
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What do all countries of C. America and Caribbean countries rely on as a primary source of income?
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agriculture
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Why is Haiti considered Least Developed?
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due to its excessive poverty, human rights violations, and extreme lack of infrastructure development
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microloan
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short term loan for small business owners
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Why to foreign investors hesitate to invest in Central America
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government corruption
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Who is fair trade designed to help?
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disadvantaged workers & farmers
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developing nation
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agrarian based society with low to medium standard of living
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archipelago
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group of islands
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cays
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formed by sediment from plant & animals remains
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Panama has highly developed urban _______ & dense tropical ________ located close together
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areas; jungles
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Climate of Central America
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tropical & subtropical
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A threatened species is in danger of extinction in the immediate future.
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False. A threatened species is in danger of becoming endangered - a step on the path toward extinction.
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The latifundia system is considered an obstacle to development in Latin America.
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True
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Venezuela is the fourth biggest supplier of oil to the U.S.
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True
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What is the primary cause of the rapid rise in loss of biodiversity?
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Human activity
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What is the difference between \"threatened\" and \"endangered\" species?
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Endangered means the species is closer to extinction than threatened.
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What is the significance of mini-fundias?
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Largely uneconomic because they provide little profit or food surplus
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Why is the latifundia system significant in Latin America?
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Control of land translates into increased political power
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Petrobras is the major oil company of what South American country?
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Brazil
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What has been an important benefit to state-owned oil resources in Venezuela?
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socialist programs instituted to help the poor
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How do human actions negatively impact ocean ecosystems?
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Burning of fossil fuels increases the acidity of the oceans.
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Why should anyone care about sustainable development as it relates to marine life in South America?
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-Unsustainable fishing practices will deplete resources and reduce availability. -Unsustainable fishing practices will deplete resources and adversely impact other ecosystems. -Unsustainable fishing practices can ultimately drive up prices due to declining supply.
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Poaching can apply to the illegal hunting, fishing, or eating of animals or plants.
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true
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Minifundia refers to a series of small farms owned by one landowner.
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False.
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For many years, Venezuela provided free oil to poor people in the U.S.
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True
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Which of the following is not an endangered species?
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Caribbean monk seal
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Which United States President established the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973?
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Nixon
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Why is the latifundia system seen as an obstacle to development in Latin America?
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Limits people access to land
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Approximately how large are mini-fundia estates?
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less than 50 acres
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After an oil discovery is made, approximately how long does it take the oil to reach the market?
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about 10 years
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Which South American country is the largest consumer of plant-based biofuels in the world?
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Brazil
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What is one impact of carbon emissions on the country of Peru?
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Andes glaciers will disappear
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How does population growth impact sustainable development in South America?
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Population growth diminishes resources and increases poverty
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How does increased population impact global warming?
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Increased population results in increased use of fossil fuels
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Who originally created the latifundia system?
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Romans
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The primary objective of biosphere reserves is to contribute to the long-term conservation of biodiversity, protecting its natural resources and the sustainable use of the area
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true
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What does it mean if a country is energy independent
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means they don't depend on other countries for oil
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Running north to south along the west coast of South America, the Andes mountain range is one of the longest and highest in the world.
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True
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\"Resource nationalism\" is the term given to government control of a country's natural resources.
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True
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Cotopaxi is the ___
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volcano located on \"volcano boulevard.\"
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Machu Picchu is the ___
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lost city of the Incas.
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Which of the following cities is considered one of the fastest growing cities in the world?
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São Paulo, Brazil
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Approximately what percent of the population practices subsistence farming?
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30%
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How did the Incas best influence modern day farming methods?
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carving terraced farmlands
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Very grassy plains, known as pampas, are found predominantly in what country?
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Argentina
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Which of the following cities is the leading industrial producer and financial center in South America?
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Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Although it is the smallest Andean country, which country is the world's largest exporter of bananas?
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Ecuador
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The Amazon jungle is the largest remaining expanse of tropical rainforest on Earth. In which country is most of the jungle located?
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Brazil
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According to the following map of Biosphere Reserves in South America, where are most biosphere reserves found?
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Along the Andes Mountains
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Why are there so many earthquakes in South America?
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South America's location atop the Nazca and South American plates of the circum-Pacific belt.
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where are most of the active volcanoes of South America located?
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Along the Nazca and South American Plate border
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What is the most important role of the ecosystems of the Andes?
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-Keep the environment stable and reduces air pollution -Reduce the chance of floods, desertification, and landslides -Regulate the availability of freshwater
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What is a \"critical habitat?\"
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Land thought to be important to the survival of an endangered or threatened species.
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What is \"the paradox of plenty?\"
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The discovery of oil resources does not positively impact the entire country, and in fact eliminates productive activity.
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Why is the Andean bear an endangered species in South America?
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Habitat loss and killed for fur and meat
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What type of climate does Panama experience?
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Tropical
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This term refers specifically to chain or series of large metropolitan areas.
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megalopolis
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This is the name of a geologic event in which results from movement in the earth's crust or from volcanic activity.
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earthquake
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The racial categories of mestizo and mulatto are examples of Latin America's
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history of blending racial and ethnic groups.
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What term refers to Brazilian slums and shantytowns like the one shown in this image?
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favela
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Which of these is the LEAST LIKELY effect that illegal drug production and trade has on Latin America?
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an increase in the success of border patrol and security
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Which of these BEST describes the location of Georgia?
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Southeastern United States
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A major reason why the United States oversaw the building of the Panama Canal was to
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increase the mobility of the U.S. naval fleet.
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If a culture is situated near a body of water, and that body of water plays a role in the survival of those people, what unique feature might develop?
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The culture might value water more than others do.
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Nearly 90% of Canada's population lives
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within 100 miles of the border of the United States.
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\"Urban sprawl\" was accidentally created in post-World War II America thanks MAINLY to which of these?
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expansion of the highway system
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One way to use culture to describe a place would be to
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describe the literature from the area.
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The basic components of culture include
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language, traditions, and art.
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What is the BEST description of the location of the Andes Mountains?
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The Andes Mountains run north-south in western South America.
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What is the BEST description of the location of the Amazon River?
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The Amazon River generally flows from west to east in northern South America.
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Paris is southeast of London.
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True
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The Economic and political union known as the European Union was established in 1993.
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True
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Italy and Portugal are both part of Mediterranean Europe.
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True
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The Statue of Liberty, also known as the \"Modern Colossus,\" is the echo of another statue, the original colossus that stood over two thousand years ago at the entrance to another busy harbor on which island?
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Island of Rhodes
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Which of the following countries is generally not considered part of Mediterranean Europe?
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France
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Which area is not considered part of the British Isles?
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Ireland
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What are the three main patterns of settlement?
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linear, scattered, clustered
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Describe the agriculture of Greece.
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An agrarian country, Greece is self-sufficient in staple foods and imports only livestock products.
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Why is the south of Italy so different from the north of Italy?
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The south suffers from economic disarray, corruption, and state-run activities.
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Spain is west of France.
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true
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Nations from Central Europe and Eastern Europe are part of the European Union.
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true
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Northern Ireland is part of the Republic of Ireland.
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false
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The image below is of what famous Wonder of the Ancient World?
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The Mausoleum
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What is the significance of Hadrian 's Wall?
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The wall marked the northern defensive boundary of Roman Britain.
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Put the following settlement patterns in the proper order, representing how most areas of Western Europe grew over time: nucleated town, linear hamlet, t-shaped village.
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linear hamlet, t-shaped village, nucleated town
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Why are the activities of Mediterranean Europe limited to agricultural products such as wine?
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The region has been deforested and there are very limited mineral resources.
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Describe the agriculture of Portugal.
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Small and inefficient farms; Must import most of its food.
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The majority of the Western European agriculture takes place on the Great European Plain.
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True
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The Alps are considered a climatic divide in Western Europe.
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true
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The Mediterranean Sea is the world's smallest inland sea.
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False
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Where does mixed livestock and crop farming predominantly occur?
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Between the northern dairy belt and the Mediterranean polyculture
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Italy and Greece are in what climate zone
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Subtropical dry summer
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What is the most important influence that moderates the temperatures throughout Western Europe?
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The Atlantic Ocean
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What is the name of the river traveling through the center of Italy
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Po River
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What was the impact of glaciation on the Netherlands?
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Provided mucklands to grow crops
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Although loess soils and sediments cover about 1/10 of the Earth, approximately what percentage of Europe contains loess?
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1/5
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Who ruled Pompeii in 79 CE - the year of the volcanic eruption?
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Romans
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What is the biggest problem facing Pompeii today?
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Conserving the site and protecting it from the elements
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Although Western Europe is very industrially developed, agriculture is the main form of land use.
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True
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The climate of Western Europe is a predominantly a marine climate.
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True
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The Aegean Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey.
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True
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Mediterranean polyculture is grown in a region most similar to which agricultural region of the U.S.?
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California
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The majority of Western Europe is in what type of climate region
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Humid oceanic
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What is the main flora in Europe?
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Forests
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The Rhine River flows through what four countries?
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Switzerland, Germany, France, Netherlands
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What do Cape Finisterre and Italy have in common?
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They are both peninsulas.
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Why is the potential loss of glaciation in the Alps a concern for Europe?
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-Glaciers provide fresh drinking water -Tourists visit the glaciers annually -Source of hydro-power
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How many people lived in Pompeii at the time of the eruption?
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20,000
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Why is Pompeii referred to as the \"lost city\"?
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It was hidden under 60 feet of ash for 1700 years.
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Under feudal system of Medieval Europe was exchanged for gold
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false
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Why did KIng Chaarlemage promate literacy
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promate?
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Rome is widely referred to as the cradle of Western Civilization and the birthplace of Democracy.
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False. Greeks established the very blueprint of Western civilization.
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In ancient Sparta, to make the boys tough, their daily physical training includes having to go barefoot, and whatever the weather, they only have one piece of clothing to wear.
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True
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In 1066, William the Conqueror achieves political stability in England with the introduction of the feudal system.
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True
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Beginning in 509 BCE, what was the predominant form of government in Rome?
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Rome was a republic ruled by senators (wealthy landowners and elders) as well as the people.
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Describe the Athenian justice system.
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Criminal and property cases as well as the legality of laws
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Compare the views of ancient Sparta and ancient Athens on the subject of education.
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Athens valued education above all else, while Sparta valued physical fitness above all else.
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What was the center of political and economic life in medieval Europe?
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Manors
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The GDP of France and England is higher than the GDP of the Mediterranean countries.
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True.
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Where was Impressionism centered?
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France
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Which Impressionist artist painted the artwork below?
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Renoir
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Why are the net migrations positive in Western Europe and negative in Eastern Europe?
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Higher wages in Western Europe
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According to the following map tracking migration movements during the years of the Roman Invasions between 100 and 500 CE, from what city were the Visigoths primarily centered?
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Rome
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According to the following map tracking migration movements during the years of the Roman Invasions between 100 and 500 CE, where was the primary area of migration for the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes? (What is the area currently known as?)
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The United Kingdom
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Why did the Greeks have 250 steady years of migration beginning in 750 BCE?
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The population outgrew the arable land.
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Below is the first painting to receive the label Impressionist. Who was the painter?
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Monet
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Rome was a republic ruled by senators (wealthy landowners) and the people.
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True
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When Spartan boys turned 7 they moved into a dormitory to learn to be good soldiers.
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True
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The \"Carolingian Renaissance\" was a revival of learning in Medieval Europe.
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True
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Where was the earliest democracy?
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Athens
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Why is Greece referred to as the \"cradle of civilization\" and the \"birthplace of democracy\"?
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Due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
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Compare the use of slaves in ancient Sparta and ancient Athens.
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Athens and Sparta both used slaves, but Athenian men would work with the slaves.
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What was feudalism?
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A multi-tiered manor system that exchanged land for loyalty.
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Compare the GDP of Ireland to the UK
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The GDP of the UK is substantially higher than the GDP of Ireland
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When did Impressionism, as a movement, begin to fade out as an intellectual school?
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End of 19th century
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Acid rain became a major transboundary environmental issue in the late 20th century in Europe.
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True. In the late 20th century, acid rain became a transboundary environmental issue in Europe due to the fact that the countries that were causing the acid rain were not the countries feeling most of the effects of the acid rain.
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The High Alps no longer contain any permanent ice or snow.
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False. The High Alps are the only part of the mountains that still contain any permanent ice or snow.
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Acid rain can damage buildings, stained glass, railroad lines, airplanes, cars, steel bridges, and underground pipes.
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True
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Which of the following are natural causes of acid rain?
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volcano emissions, lightning, and microbial processes
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What is the best solution to the problem of increasing acid deposition?
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-Clean coal technology -Encouraging citizens to use their cars less -Alternative bio-fuel development -A combination of approaches including all of the above
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What is glaciation?
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Glaciation is the process whereby snow has been converted to ice by the force of gravity and pressure.
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How were the deep ravines and rock steps of the Alps formed?
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Thicker ice and faster flowing ice
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Why has acid rain become an international problem?
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Increasingly taller chimneys
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According to the map below showing the utilization of renewable energy by the different countries of the European Union, how does Ireland compare to Spain in its use of renewable energy? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/633500_634000/633720/2/210229cfb60b70b15bd0740de8cd71f2b04f8d55/43514.jpg
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Ireland uses far less renewable energy than Spain.
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Which of the following crops served as the lightning rod for the European debate over genetically engineered food?
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Potatoes
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Why did the European Union lift its ban on growing genetically engineered crops?
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Pressured by the United States
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Why did German farmers grow the Amflora Potato?
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To be used primarily for industrial use
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How does acid deposition impact, impact aquatic environment?
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Die because full of toxins to be consumed by humans
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Most glacial ice is generally found near mountains and/or near the poles
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True
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Recent studies appear to suggest that most of the glaciers in the Alps are retreating.
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True.
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What caused most of the current landscape features of the Alps region?
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Ice movement and deposition of eroded material
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Germany is being plagued by _________. This is caused from man-made pollution sources, such as industry and automobiles.
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acid rain
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Overall what is the reaction in europe to genetically engineered food?
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Europe is leading the fight against genetically engineered food.
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Cause of mild climate in Western Europe
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Gulf Stream winds
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Mountain that exploded in Pompeii in 79 CE
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Mount vesuvius
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In what region would you find deep rooted plants and vines such as olives and grapes grown
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Mediterranean coast
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This area of Brazil is threatened by the increasing 1.___________ of the 2.________ forests. The 3._________ Rain Forest was disappearing at alarming rates in the 1970's and the 1980's, but public awareness has slowed this significantly in recent years.
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1. deforestation 2. Rain 3. Amazon
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Greece, Italy, and Spain experience hot, dry summers and wet, mild winters. What type of climate do these countries have?
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Mediterranean
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The European Union has the world's largest economy. What BEST explains Europe's economic development?
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Europe has a coastal location and many navigable rivers.
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Countries with higher rates of urbanization have more airports
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True.
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This term is generally used to describe producers of illegal drugs in Latin America who band together to keep the prices- and supply- of those drugs at high levels.
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cartel
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People of French heritage in the Canadian province of Quebec would be MOST likely to support
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Quebec's independence from the rest of Canada
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Why might have early cultural groups developed along the banks of rivers?
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the rivers were used to sustain life
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How did technological advances in printing impact the United States in the 19th century?
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Newspapers and magazines became more affordable
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The ancient Greeks believed that Poseidon, the god of the sea, caused the earth to shake when he was angry. Which of these geographical factors MOST LIKELY caused the earth to shake?
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The Greek Isles are near the Eurasian and African plates, which can cause earthquakes
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Argentina has a large range of temperatures and weather conditions. Based on this information, which of these climates does Argentina MOST LIKELY experience?
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temperate
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Mexico City's most pressing environmental issue is
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dangerous air pollution.
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Which South American country has the largest number of indigenous people (native)?
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Peru has the highest population of indigenous people.
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Italy has few deep harbors, which is unusual considering that it is
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a peninsula
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What specific geographical feature traditionally divides European Russia from Asian Russia?
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the Ural Mountains
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The system of waterways in Europe...
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can be used to efficiently transport goods in and out of the continent.
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Greece has an economy in which a major activity is
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fishing.
