Geography- European Realm – Flashcards
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centrality
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The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract producers and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region.
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latitudial location of Europe = what in North America?
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hudson bay=london NYC= madrid, spain
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size of europe compared to N.A? effects on europe concerning communication?
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2/3 the size of NA realatively small distance btwn cities
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different cultures in europe is good cauuuusee....
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lots of different products can be produced
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supranationalism
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A venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.
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how'd colonialism contribute to europes status as a core region?
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provided strong cultural ties with non-european regions
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Characteristics that help to define Europe's status as a global core region:
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1. high skilled workers 2. economic wealth & high per-capita incomes 3. high literacy rate 4. long life expectancies 5. healthy and well fed 6. high levels of urbanization 7. well-developed transportation networks
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4 major landorm units in europe:
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alpine mt system central uplands western uplands european lowlands
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alpine mountain system
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europes mountain SPINE
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alpine mountain system
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continent-continent COLLISION between europe and africa
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alpine mountain system
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pyrenees in spain/france -> carpathians of East europe
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central uplands
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has hills and small plateaus
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central uplands
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forest slopes, fertile valleys
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central uplands
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productive coal fields
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western uplands
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linked to appalations
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western uplands
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dominant northern europe, british isles, and central iberian peninsula
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european lowlands
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the great european plain!!!
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european lowlands
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most densly populated part of europe
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european lowlands
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great variety of sails and climate
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european lowlands
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support productive agriculture
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wind and ocean patterns. gulf stream and westerlies
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Hows europe have relatively mild climates even though its QUITE northern??
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enviornmental problems faced by europe as a whole?
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air and water pollution (from england) mainly acid rain.
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water pollution in rhine is from?
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factories from switzerland and netherlands
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what steps have the european union taken in attempts to help pollution?
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promoted recycling, waste management, reduced energy use.
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major enviornmental problems faced by eastern europe in the post-soviet period?
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rampant dumping of toxic and hazardous wastes
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2 examples of enviorn. problems in post-soviet times.
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1. over 90% of rivers sterile in poland 2. 75% of forestes dying in czech rep
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a sign of hope that the region is begining to find ways to resolve the enviorn problems made long ago
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europes now one of the greenest world regions!
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2 classic civilizations play an early role in the development of the realm?
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greece roman empire
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main influence of greece
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water transport & hindered communication btwn city-states
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main influence of roman empire
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founded several important european that served as ports. (london, paris, vienna, frankfort)
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areal functional specialization
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area specializes in performing certain functions and then trade for things they don't produce
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greece's geographic factors that may have played a roll in its rise/fall:
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numerous smaller peninsulas and islands.
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roman empires geographic factores that may have played a roll in its rise/fall:
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had extensive road networks, bridges, and aquaduct systems
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roman empire used areal functional specialization by:
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using its roads, bridges ,and aquaduct systems to transport goods.
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feudalism
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a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
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offered protection and acess to lands aquired through conquests during dark ages
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feudal lords
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mercantilism
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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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the reformation
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began in 16th century- religious leaders (martin luthar and john calvin) split from teachings of catholic. this led to wars and 1/2 of europe died aaand the power of the holy roman church was diminished
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thirty years war
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A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
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industrial revolution
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early products were made lower quality than textiles from china and stuff....so made the price lowwer and this flooded the market with cheap, useless goods.
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began in english midlands spread slowly into east europe
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whered the industrial revolution start and end?
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what changes are associated with the development of the industrial revolution?
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change in technology. machines not people.
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what was a strong reason for the development of the nation-state?
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the french revolution (napolean)
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how is the french revolution linked to earlier processes associated with the agrarian and industrial revolutions in europe?
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the land lost its wealth. new wealth is based on trade. (working people)
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what was the first major nation-state in europe?
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paris?
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how did napoleans imperial advances help to spur the development of other nation-states in europe?
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reorganized and restored. set guidelines for what a nation-state should be.
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complementarity
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region has a surplus of stuff demanded elsewhere
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transferability
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ease of transport btwn locations
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intervning opportunities
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presence of a closer supply source
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what recent developments have increased interactions btwn different european regions?
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the chunnel
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what historical processes have led to europes current high levels of urbanization?
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the industrial revolution
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primate city
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dominates country/regions heirarchy politically, economically, and demographically
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what factors have contributed to low RNI's for europe?
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more women in workforce wide spread contraception
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what factors have contributed to eastern europes low (negative) RNI?
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communist era encouraged women to work abortion and contraception available housing shortages uncertain about future
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what events led to the high # of immigrants from regions outside the european core?
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dependence of foreign workers after the population began to decline
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what regions were most of the new job-seeking immigrants coming from?
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peripherial
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what has been the reaction of many european citizens, and their govt's?
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unemployment 25% for young people job competition terrorist fears dilution of dominant culture.
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what perspective do many economic geographers and demographers have about the immigration in europe?
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labor shortages within 30 yrs
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what does BeNeLux refer to?
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belgium, netherlands, and luxembourg join economically
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supranationalism
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3+ independent states willing to yield for mutual benefit
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what are the challenges facing those who wish to unify europe economically?
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poor cant help the poor dispute over representation cant give up soverignty
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devolution
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process where people demand and gain political strength
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what is a current devolutionary pressure faced by many european states?
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expence of losing the center.
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regional state
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defies old borders and is shared by global economy: develops trade that doesnt depend on nationalism or state allegence
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four motors of europe:
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1. Rhone- Alps 2. Lombardy 3. Catalonia 4. Baden- Wurtemburg
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Wheres the Rhone-Alps motor located?
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france; lyons
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wheres the lombardy motor located?
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northern italy; milan
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wheres the catalonia motor located?
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spain, barcelona
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wheres the baden-wurtemburg motor located?
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south germany
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what are the 5 formal regions of europe?
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Northern Europe British Isles Western Europe Mediterrainian Europe East Europe
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which regions of europe are considered to be part of the core?
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West Europe
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BeNeLux is named after:
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economic pact signed after WWII
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conurbation
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an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities
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what geographical factors have contributed to rotterdam's role as europes largest port?
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at mouth of Rhine River and goes through Rhor
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how wa rotterdam's hinterland increased to include much of eastern europe?
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canals link river to DAnube....goes to the Black Sea!
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are the 3 alpine states landlocked?
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yes.
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what geographic factors have historically seperated the british isles from the rest of europe?
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the english channel
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what are the names of the 2 islands that make up the british isles?
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Britian & Ireland
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what are the names of the 2 states that make up the british isles?
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u.k and ireland
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whered the industrial revolution begin?
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england
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howd the industrial revolution affect the populatin distribution in englad?
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made urban. (demographic transition and urbanization)
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is england still an economic center for the british isles?
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no- declined in 70's and 80's
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how are the ppl of this region trying to cope with the changing economic geogrpahy of the region?
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economy shifts from industrial -> services
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howd the potato become the stable crop for irish peasants and serfs?
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it actually grew in the damp, cold climate, and it was cheap!
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hows the irish potato famine linked to the industrial revolution, and to british polocy in the region?
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potato was attacked. used corn for animals to eat during industrial revolution?
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howd the irish potato famine affect the population of ireland?
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diminishing populations. whether people died or left.
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which 4 countries make up scandanavia?
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norway sweden finland iceland
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why are the scandanavian countries called scandanavian?
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means northern most. name given by residents
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does finland have the same language as the scandanavian countries? wheres finnish come from?
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no- finnish is uralic language, not germanic.
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whys northern europe considered a peripherial region?
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low population density and is seperated from mainland.
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whats the dominant religion of the nordic europe?
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lutheranism
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is this a densely population portion of europe?
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nope
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whats the physical landscape of northern europe like? climate? is this a good location for agriculture?
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rugged, fjords. very cold. bad location to grow stuff
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whats the primary resources to which many of the northern regions inhabitants do?
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forestry, fishing, petroleum, textiles, cars, electronics
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3 peninsulas in mediterranean europe?
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baltic italian iberian
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what makes mediterranean climate so unique? what causes it?
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hot, dry summer moist, cool winter all causea the azores high!
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how have inhabitants of mediteranean region adapted their agriculture the the med climate?
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winter=grow vines and trees summer= grow grains
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in what days is med. europe similar to nordic europe?
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both less developed and periphery
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what aspects of med europes physical geography have served to seperate it form the european core?
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greece- baltic mountains and adriatic sea iberia- pyrenees italy- alps and appenies
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is med europe dominantly urban or rural?
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urban
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whats the exception to the general impression that this region is lagging behind west europe in the economic sense?
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agriculture still important and living standards lower
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hacienda system
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similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners
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in what regions are devolutionary pressures most strongly felt? (med)
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north italy and spain
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shatterbelt
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region of physiographic, cultural, and political fragmentation
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balkanization
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the ongoing division and fragmentation occuring
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ethnic cleansing
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the forcible removal of an entire population from their homelands by a stronger power
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what imprints have eastern europes trumultuous past left upon the cultural landscape?
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Roman Empire= Romania= language spoken
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whys nearly 1/2 of Latvias population ethnic russian?
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bc of sarist and soviet polocies of moving ethnic russions into acquired territories
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why was latvia allowed to join the EU in 2004?
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improved economy
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whats the dominant ethnic group in belarus?
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belorussians (white germans)
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what factores have challenged belarus' economic development?
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its overshadowed by Ukraine
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what is belarus' greatest source of economic potential?
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mensk- satillites
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whys poland the dominant state in E europe?
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its size and population.
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what are polands primary economic sectores?
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selesia=industrial heartland
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what challenges face poland as it tries to develop its economy?
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1945: its own industrial revolution
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what factores contributed to the break up of czechloslovokia?
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wanted to control own destiny disagreed on terms of capitalistic reforms
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czech is
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developed and urban
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slovokia is
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less developed and rural
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whats hungarys primary economic sector?
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lowlands along Danaube River.
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What about hungary's past helps to explain the enclaves of hungarian-speakers and neighboring states?
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hungarians moved mid Danaube basin and that became the center of the Hungarian Empire
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what factors made ukraine the economic cornerstone of the soviet union?
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rich in raw materials bread basket
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what challenges face ukrain ain the post-soviet period?
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political mismanagement and corruption faltering economy rising crime
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Whys moldova considered to be the poorest state in europe?
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agricultural economy declining
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whats unique about romania?
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formerly roman province
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what evens contributed to romanias economic problems?
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suffered under excessive of Nicolae Ceasecu
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What factors are contributing to an apparent economic turn-around?
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gov't sold off unproductive enterprises joined NATO
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why were the bulgarians loyal to the soviet state?
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had formerly drove turks out and persecuted turkish minority.
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why are bulgarias economic prospects considered to be dim?
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no external trade
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when was the (former) state of yugoslavia created? how many different groups did it contain?
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1918. 7 major, 17 minor
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what religions were observed in former yugoslav?
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roman catholics orthodox muslim
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in yugoslav, who was associated with roman catholics?
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slovenes and croats
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in yugoslav, who was associated with orthodox?
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serbs
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in yugoslav, who was associated with muslims?
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bosniaus and kosvars
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what 5 countries did former yugoslav split into?
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slovenia croatia bosnia macedonia albania
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what role did the communist social planners play in setting the stage for yugoslav's ethnic problems?
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divided into 6 "republics" dominated by one major group. when yugoslav collapsed, republics claimed independence
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why might slovenias seperation have been more peaceful than those of Bosnia and crotia?
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no minorities to pick fight. plus it was first, small, and ethnically homogenious
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what factors contributed to slovenias easy entry into the european union in '04?
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most productive economy
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why was bosnia the site of major ethnic clashes between the serbs and bosnian muslims? how was the resolved?
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all different ethnic backgrounds and minorities. turned country into a federation
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what challenges have faces macedonia since its seperation from the former yugoslavia?
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small, poor, landlocked, powerless.
