Geography 4th Six Weeks – Flashcards
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Dike
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an earthen bank used to direct or prevent the passage of water; venice and the netherlands use canals as dikes
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Polder
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Land that is reclaimed from the sea or other body of water by diking and drainage. the land made from a dike; the Netherland's farmland is a polder
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City-State
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An autonomous political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands. a lot of city states exist and have existed in europe (rome, liechenstien, vatican city)
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Republic
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A government in which citizens elect representatives to rule on their behalf; the roman empire was one of the first large areas to use that; many European countries use that today
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Feudalism
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A political system in which a king allowed nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of the land; lots of european countries functioned this way in the Middle Ages
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Nationalism
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The belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share the land, culture and history ; france was one of the first nation states, caused by nationalism; nazi germany caused in part by nationalism; nationalism caused a rivalry in europe--- lots of wars between France and Austria and France and Germany
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Balkanization
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The process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units; Balkan peninsula did this in the early 1900s when it split from the ottoman empire into greece and other southeastern countries that all disliked each other
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Satallite Nation
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A nation dominated by another country; eastern europe did this in Russia after WWII, many countries wanted independence but russia did not want this so they became technically independent from Russia but they were still monitored by Russia
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Market Economy
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A type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers. Also called capitalism.; most of europe functions as part of a market economy; when eastern europe became for the most part a market economy, it required a great deal of adjustment
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Anti-Semitism
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Discrimination against Jewish people; anti semetism was prominent in germany and other countries in europe during the holocoaust when 6 million jewish people were killed
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Ethnic Cleansing
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The policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group. ethnic cleansing has occurred multiple times in Europe not only during the Holocaust but also in Croatia and Albania
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Euro
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A common currency proposed by the European Union for its member states; the euro is used by many member countries of the european union but it has caused conflicts and benefits
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Cultural Crossroads
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A place where various cultures cross paths.;eastern europe is a large cultural crossroads because traders, migrants and travelers from Asia cross through it to get to Western Europe and vice versa
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How has the European Union united Europe by promoting a common culture?
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EU has made it a goal to encourage a common European cultural identity: uses common cultural symbols such as their flag with twelve yellow stars on a blue background that symbolizes unity; european anthem: only music because they want to use the "universal language of music" (Beethoven's 9th symphony); Europe Day: May 9th 1950... idea of supernational European organization Ist proposed by Robert Schuman, europeans celebrate common culture; support cultural programs: european union youth wind orchestra- brings together young musicians from all over europe; european capital of culture: two new each year, eu pays for things that highlight the cities and their culture; they encourage children to make it a goal to learn three languages including their own
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How does increased travel unite europe?
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EU passports which allow you to travel through countries in the EU with one passport and the common currency of the Euro unite europe because with more travel there is more understanding of and knowledge of cultures and cultural diffusion also through more spending in other countries withe the euro
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What are the centripetal forces of culture in the EU?***
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promoting a common culture and increased travel
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Why do languages divide the EU
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makes communication hard- must translate everything into 20 documents
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What are some other forces that continue divisions among European countries?
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-national pride: hard to put EU's needs above the country's ; competition and rivalry between countries: own interests, want to hurt others for revenge, less willing to negotiate; cultural traditions that conflict- people are generally sensitive/proud/like to stick to them. eg: Czech food cooked longtime- better next day, EU rules for cafeteria: not older than two hours, made Czech people angry
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what are the centrifugal forces of culture in the EU?
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different languages; national pride; competition and rivalry; cultural traditions that conflict
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How does the development of a supranational level of government unite Europe?
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brings all members together to focus on shared issues; council sets goals for Europe
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How does the development of a European citizenship unite Europe?
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encourages citizens to feel like a citizen of the EU instead of just individual country; can work and vote anywhere in the EU, shared power and understanding
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What are the centripetal political forces in the EU?
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shared issues and goals; citizenship; can work and vote anywhere
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how does the desire of european countries to keep their indpendence divide Europe?
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countries have to give up some power; countries have to accept decisions they don't agree with
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Fjord
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U-shaped valley; carved by glaciers; glaciers melted-- filled with sea water; ajoined to seas and oceans
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what countries are in the scandinavian peninsula and what are the characteristics of the peninsula?
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mountainous b/c the topography of the land is a result of glaciers in the ice age; fjords; thin rocky soil because glaciers came and took all the good soil; norway and sweden
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glacier
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river of ice and snow
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what countries are in the jutland peninsula and what are the characteristics of the peninsula?
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Denmark and a small part of Germany; extension of Northern European plains (flat, lots of good soil from glaciers); gently rolling hills; swampy low lying areas
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What countries are in the iberian peninsula and what are the characteristics of that peninsula?
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Spain and Portugal; lots of different ethnicities and languages; cut off from France by the Pyrenees Mountain range (rugged) and also because of the Basque people- kept French from conquering Spain and vice versa because they are big strong people
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what countries are in the italian peninsula and what are the characteristics of that peninsula?
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italy; shaped like a boot; 4,700 miles of coastline
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what countries are in the Balkan Peninsual and what are the characteristics of that peninsula?
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Greece and Southeastern countries: mountainous; difficult transportation (tons of chains of mountains)--- lots of city states--- birth of democracy
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What is the North Atlantic Drift?
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A current of warm water from the tropics that flows near Europe's coast.
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How does the North Atlantic Drift affect temperature and rainfall?
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Westerlies, winds that blow from West to East take warmth and moisture form the North Atlantic Drift and carry it over Europe, giving it enough rain and much higher temperatures than they otherwise would have considering their distance from the equator. this mostly occurs on the European coast.
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Why do the Alps have a harsher climate?
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Because they are high in elevation
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What happened to the mixed forest that once covered much of Europe?
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People took away a lot of it by cutting trees in order to get firewood and clear farms.
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How does climate change as you go inland?
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The climate is not as mild; there are hotter summers and cooler winters
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Why does the inland region of Europe have a harsher climate?
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Because the westerlies from the North Atlantic Drift do not come very far inland.
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Describe the Mediterranean climate
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mild; hot and dry summers; clear sunny skies; mild and wet winters
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What parts of Europe benefit from the Mediterranean climate?
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Southern France and Spain; through Italy and Greece and other parts of the Balkan peninsula
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How are the mistral and sirocco winds similar?
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both affect southern europe; both Mediterranean winds; both dry winds
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How are the mistral and sirocco winds different?
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mistral: cold, dry from the north; sirocco: warm, sometimes moisture,from South; mistral: no dust from desert; sirocco: dust from desert
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Why do trees not grow in upper Scandinavia?
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tundra climate means very cold means permafrost (subsoil is always frozen and nothing for roots
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Why is farming limited to southern Scandinavia?
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the freezing cold climates in the north like tundra and subartic mean permafrost mean that the subsoil frozen mean that nothing can be grown in the North and it is warmer in the south so opposite occurs
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Why has the Mediterranean always seen a large number of tourists?
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sunny climates, historic sights
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how is the economy of medditeranean countries changing?
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fishing economy to banking and automotive and clothing and textile and shoes (manufacturing based) economy; agriculture still present but not as much as it used to be
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Why is northern Italy more developed than southern Italy?
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Northern Italy is closer to industrial countries like france and germany;Southern Italy is poor; southern italy has poor transportation
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How has the economy of the Mediterranean changed since WWII?
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it became a republic and had many governments
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how has the roman empire affected language in the mediterranean?
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greece retained language and greek was the official language of the greek-byzantine empire; portugese, spanish an italian however are all languages that evolved from latin, the language of the roman empire
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How does the medditeranean region show signs of past civilizations?
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ancient ruins that have good architecture
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Which country has had dozens of governments since WWII?
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Italy
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What problems has urban growth caused many Mediterranean cities?
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traffic jams and housing shortages
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How did the geography of Greece contribute to the development of seperate city states?
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region is mountainous- hard to travel between/separation- city states
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What two events took place on the Iberian peninsula in 1492?
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queen isabella paid for Columbus' first voyage; spain's catholic rulers retook spain
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What forms of government were developed in this region that impact the US today?
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democracy began in Greece
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Why did the bubonic plague first appear in Europe around the black sea and islands of the Medditeranean?
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ship routes for the silk trade carried rats that carried fleas and plague
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Which of Western Europe's countries are among the top 3 in manufacturing?
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france; germany; netherlands
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which luxury items are produced in germany
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cars
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which luxury items are produced by france
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clothes
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which luxury items are produced by switzerland
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watches
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which luxury items are produced by the netherlands
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flower bulbs
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Why is western Europe's economy so strong?
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rich agriculture; one of the first regions to industrialize; crime rates are lower
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Why is western Europe so popular with tourists?
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because of scenery, mild, climate and historical sights
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Which famous musicians came from Germany?
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Johan Sebastian Bach; Ludwig van Beethoven
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Which famous musician came from Austria?
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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What form of art are France and the Netherlands known for in Western Europe?
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painting with oils
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Describe city life in Western Europe
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good public transportation; movies, concerts art galleries and museums
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how does vacation time in western europe compare to the United States?
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Europeans receive more paid vacation time--- leave for biking, hiking and other outdoor activities
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Explain why some countries speak German and others speak French
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50 BC: rome conquered what is now France but not the Germanic tribes so German is still spoken there
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How did nationalism contribute to the rise of nation-states?
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causes groups to want their own countries to be loyal to and so it contributed to the rise of nation states
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how did industrialization contribute to the nationalistic rivalry among European nations?
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after industrialization there was competition among European countries to colonize ares with good raw materials that would help the economy; markets had to compete with each other
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After WWII who did East Germany ally with?
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Communist Soviet Union
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Why did Denmark decide not to use the Euro as their currency?
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Jesper Jesperson believed that Denmark's economy is independent of the euro zone
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How does Northern Europe's economy benefit from natural resources
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they profit from them
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What are two reasons Norway decided not to join the European Union?
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feared that Norway would lose their independence and their booming economy
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Describe the cultural diversity of Northern Europe
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most of northern europe is not diverse at all and only has one ethnicity; however; uk and london in particular has become more and more diverse, mostly because of immigration from former colonies such as india (1.9 million of 7 million population of of an ethnic minority)
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How did the reformation affect religion in Northern Europe?
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most of the region is still protestant; only Ireland is still Catholic
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Describe social welfare in Northern Europe
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mostly prominent at Nordic countries --- high level--- yearly allowance to support them
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How do they pay for these social welfare programs in Northern Europe?
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very high taxes
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Explain why ancient peoples such as the Celts tend to live today at the tips of Northern European nations?
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when people immigrated to Europe; they pushed natives North to the tips
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What areas did the Vikings conquer and settle?
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Denmark, Greenland, Normandy(part of france), Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Russia
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Explain the meaning of the phrase the sun never sets on the British Empire
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it has colonies all over the world so the sun would always be in the sky from the view of at least one of its territories
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Why did Britain become the first to industrialize?
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Britain had a lot of iron and coal is what the industrial industry was fueled on
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Why are the mountains in Europe sometimes viewed as walls?
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Because they block things such as cold winds(make italy warmer) and travel from Italy to the rest of Europe and France to Spain and Portugal and the Balkan Peninsula to the rest of Europe just like walls do; the also seperated various ethnic groups in the Balkan peninsula from each other
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How do mountains an uplands affect the movement of people and goods?
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They make the travel of people and goods difficult from Italy to the rest of Europe, from France to Spain and Portugal , from the Balkan peninsula to the rest of europe and from one ethnic group to another.
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How have rivers affected life in Europe?
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They have united people and goods in Europe by bringing goods to the coast, which has in turn led to economic growth. They have also spread ideas throughout Europe, linked Europe back to the Black Sea and Europe to the rest of the world.
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Why has the Northern European Plain been both useful and dangerous?
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It has good farmland that produces a lot of food. However, it is flat which means that a lot of invaders used it as an easy route to enter Europe.
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What are Europe's primary resources?
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Europe's primary resources are coal and iron.
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What resource does the North Sea provide?
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petroleum
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What is one negative effect of having coal and iron ore?
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Many regions in which the industry functions suffer from pollution.
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Why do the Irish cut peat?
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Because Ireland lacks energy and resources and burning peat creates fuel.
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Why has Eastern Europe traditionally been a farming region?
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very fertile plains
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How was industry in Eastern Europe affected by communism?
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negatively b/c government controlled the factories
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What happened in 1989 that affected the economies of most Eastern European countries?
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Eastern Europe began to participate in a market economy***
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What happened to the Jewish population in Europe?
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the holocaust- killed 6 million Jews
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Is Eastern Europe more or less urban than the rest of Europe?
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less urban
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Define-anti semitism
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discrimination of Jews
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uplands
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hills or very low mountains that may also contain mesas and high plateaus; eroded remains of mountain ranges; commonly found in europe
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peat
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partially decayed matter found in bogs and cut then burned in ireland for fuel
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silicon glen
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section of scotland between glasgow and edinburgh named for its high concentration of high tech companies
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what are lingering problems facing the economies of Eastern Europe
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albania's economic growth has slowed because of old equipment, lack of raw materials and shortage of educated workers;romania: no money to invest in businesses and some businesses still owned by government so foreign investors don't want to invest in those companies; wars of 1990s mean that buildings, equipment and workers were destroyed
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why is Eastern Europe considered a patchwork of different languages and religions
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contains a variety of cultures; people move between Europe and Asia as traders, nomads, migrants and armies
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how can the expansion of the EU cause division?
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countries that join the EU have to give up some degree of power; cooperation is more difficult when you have more countries, cultures, and differences
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How does a common market unite europe
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more choice on what to buy as goods move freely across borders; lowered prices on goods because there are no tariffs; can travel freely to other countries for work; euro makes it easier to travel and trade across the Eu
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how does creation of a EU trading bloc unite europe?
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trading bloc: a group of countries that act together to increase their influence over world trade; 100 millions of people are part of the bloc so outside nations are eager to do business; the large size of this trading bloc makes it important in a global economy
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How do the differences between western and eastern nations divide the EU?
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western nations are wealthier than eastern nations; there are differences on how to spend the money; EU spends a lot of money on the east trying to make eastern and western europe equal economically but some westerners don't like this; western: higher cost of living and higher wages which means some western companies move east which makes Westerners nervous about losing business to eastern countries; because of this a lot of easterners also move west for jobs, and sometimes these immigrants are resented by the west because if there are too many poor immigrants it could result in lower wages for everyone
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what divisions are created by the use of the euro?
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not all countries adopted the euro and not all countries are allowed to use the euro
