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Cartographic Grid

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globe divided into a grid-like pattern of lines called parallels and meridians(2)

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lines of latitude

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parallels. circle the globe and the lines get smaller as you move to the equator. they measure distance north and south of equator. (2)

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lines of logitude

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meridians. converge at the poles. all equal in length. measure east and west of the prime meridian that runs through greenwich, england (2)

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international date line

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180 deg. from teh prime meridian. it marks where one day ends and another begins.(2)

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prime meridian

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divdes western and eastern hemispheres(2)

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three parts of earth seen in cross-setion of the earth

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a solid core, a molten liquid mantel, and a thin solid crust at the surface. crust is made of moving plates, driven by convection currents in the mantle.(2)

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plate margins and the 3 types

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the edges where plates meet 1. divergent: move away. deep valleys (rift) that fill with water. (Red sea ex) 2. convergent: move into eachother. forced up forming mountains (himalayas, alps), and forced down into mantle (trenches, cali). associated with earthquakes and volvanoes. 3. tranform margins. slide along eachother (San andreas fault, cali)(2)

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climate

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the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

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physical geography

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spatial study of the Earth's natural phenomena and their systems, processes, and structures. (1)

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3 processes that shape the environment

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hydrosphere (Water), lithosphere (land surface), atmosphere, and biosphere (living elements)(1)

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cultural human geography

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examining human culture from spatial perspetive. how physical environment shapes the choices of people. (1)

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regional geography (Area studies)

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"Realms" are created according to shared physical and cultural characteristics.(1)

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systemic geography

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not specific regions, but focusing on particular subjects or themese. like health issues, disease, econ, urbanization, and history.(1)

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3 types of regions:

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1) formal. homogenous (uniform) in cultural or physical features. clear or undefined boundaries. ex: grits eaters: core area of SE- surrounded by a periphery in which others also eat grits 2)functional. spatial systems. defined by spatial interaction. its a sphere of connectivity 3)perceptual. by subjective criteria, ideas, or beliefs, rather than objective criteria that can be measured. (1)

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culture

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behavior tha tis learned and shared by a group of people. learned rather than biological (what we eat, utensiles used, and manners) (1)

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development

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the economic, social, and institutional growth of national states. it implies progress, movement, from a state of underdevelopment to one of development.patterns of production, distribution, and consumption. (1)

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lines of latitude

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(parallels) get progressively smaller as you move from the equator toward the poles. measure distance north and south.

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most important factors in determining temperature

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latitue, altitude, and ocean currents (2)

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latitude zones

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1) tropical. high temps throughout the year. located between the tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn. 2) midlatitude. north of tropic of cancer and south of tropic of capricorn. seasons change because of the tilt in this region. 3) polar. area between the polar circles and the north and south poles. cold throughout the year because of the lack of direct solar radiation.

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altitude principle: as elevation (height above sea level) increases,

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temperature decreases by 3.5degree F per 1,000 ft.

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ocean current principles:

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warm water rises and cold water sinks. cold water at hte poles moves toward the equator and warm water at the equator moves to the poles.

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how does ocean current effect climate

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cold ocean currents cool the air above them and cool adjacent landmasses. land near cold currents tend to be dry. warm currents bring humid, muggy air to adjacent land.

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what controls precipitation?

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continentality, atmospheric pressure, and prevailing winds

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continentality

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the farther an area is from a large body of water, teh drier the climate. they also tend to be colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than places near water

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low atmostpheric pressure

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warm air rises.

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high atmostpheric pressure

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cool air sinks

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equatorial lows

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along the equator because constant solar radiation warms the air. low pressure associate with wet conditions because the air rises and cools and condenses, resulting in precipitation.

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subtropical highs

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air cools, it sinks back to Earth, creating a band of high pressure, associated with dry or arid conditions.

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polar highs

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at the north and south poles, the heavy cold air sinks, creating high atmospheric pressure

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subpolar lows

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as cold air flows from the poles to the South, it begins to warm and rise again . this creates low pressure belts (opposite of subtropical highs)

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cyclone

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low-pressure area. air ascends around the low in a counterclockwise motion in the N. Hemisphere and a clockwise motion in the S. Hemisphere (due to the spin of the Earth)

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anitcyclone

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high-pressure area. air descends around the high in a clockwise pattern in N. Hemi and counterclockwise in the S. Hemi

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wind

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air moving from high pressure to low. the greater the temperature difference, the stronger the wind.

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prevailing winds

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The circulation of air between high-pressure belts (subtropical and polar) and low-pressure belts (equatorial, subpolar)

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coriolis effect

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air does not move directly north or south because it is deflected by the spin of the earth

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northeast and southeast trade winds

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converge at the equator.

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precipatation on mountains falls where?

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on the windward side of the mountain- the side facing the wind. the dry air then descends down teh other side of the mountain (the leeward side)

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Western Europe humid cold climate

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in the far northern and interior regions, especially as distance increases from the mederating influence of the ocean.

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most of europe's humid temperate climate

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cool summers and no dry season.

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southern europe's mediterranean climate

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dry and hot summer. The Alpine Mtns divide the humid, cooler north from the hotter, drier south.

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Johann Herinrich von Thunen and his Isolated State Model

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19th century concept that explains patterns in agricultural land use based on transportation costs and distance. Figure 1-5

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central city Isolated State Moden

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a city or town occupied the center of the model

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intensive farming and dairying- Isolated State Moden

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the land closest to the city was ideal for perishable products liek milk. it was expensive b/c of central lovation.

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forest- Isolated State Moden

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dominated the zone beyond intensive farming ring. wood was important fuel source and building material.

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increasingly extensive field crops - Isolated State Moden

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zone planted with low-value crops like potatoes and grains. easiery to store and transport

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ranching, animal products Isolated State Moden

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livestock kept in the outermost ring. they need large amounts of land- too expensive for the center.

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3 languages of Europe

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Indo-European (dominates most europe), Ural-Altaic (clustered in the far north: Finland, northwest Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and center: Hungarian), and Undetermined. -- Basque, spoken in a small area between France and Spain, is an ancient language that predates the arrival of Indo-European and Altaic-Uralic groups

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Religion of Europe

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Christian. The area dominated by the Romance language subfamily (Spain, France, Italy) is predominantly Roman Catholic, while the region dominated by the Germanic subfamily is Protestant. The eastern part of Europe, dominated by the Slavic subfamily, is associated with Eastern Orthodox Christianity

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How many states are in the World?

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180- and commonly known as countries.

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difference between states and nations

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While states are legal constructs, nations and nation-states have a cultural component. A nation is made up of people who share a common cultural identity.They might speak the same language, belong to the same ethnic group, practice the same religion, or have a common history. A nation can extend beyond state boundaries, like the Basque people who live along the border of France and Spain.

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irredentism

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desire to unite members of a nation who are divided by state boundaries (Northern Ireland)

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nation-state

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when poltically defined state boundaries coincide with cultural boundaries

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centripetal forces

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forces that unify or strengthen a state; they include common cultural, historical, or political traits. The reunification of East and West Germany is an example of the potential power of centripetal forces.

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centrifugal forces

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create tension among the population of a state. If centrifugal forces are strong enough, a state can splinter, a process called devolution (Yugoslavia)

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supranationalism

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voluntary association in economic, political, or cultural spheres of three or more independent states..." (text page 47). The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU) are two examples of a global trend toward economic supranationalism.

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Weber's factors that influenced industrial location

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1) General factors applied to all industries. For example, transportation costs to get raw materials from the source to the factory 2)Special factors were specifically related to the products being made. For example, perishability would be a factor in where to locate a dairy (near the consumer) but not in where to locate a paper mill. 3) Regional factors affect a region. 4) Local factors apply to a specific place. These include *agglomerative forces, a tendency to concentrate new industry where other industries are already located. Labor, infrastructure, and the like are already in place. Over time, industries leave an area where they had been concentrated because of expensive labor costs, taxes, and so on. Such forces are deglomerative.

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Whether or not two places will interact with each other depends on three basic factors:

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1) Complementarity if one area has a surplus commodity that another area needs or desires. In Europe, for example, citrus fruits and olives can be grown in the Mediterranean region, but not in Northern Europe. Likewise, dairy cattle thrive in the cool, moist climate of Northern Europe, but not in the hot, dry Mediterranean. Complementarity exists between the north and south. 2) Transferability if products could be transported at a reasonable cost. Cost depends on a number of factors: distance, commerce laws, type of product, and so on. Modern transportation technology has revolutionized trade. Refrigerated ships and planes make it possible for the United States to import large volumes of beef from Argentina, or even tulips from the Netherlands. 3) Intervening opportunity Even if the complementarity and transferability needs are meet, interaction will not develop if a closer supply of needed or desired products exists. For example, Northern Europe could buy Florida oranges, but the Mediterranean provides an intervening opportunity.

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a shatter-belt

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Eastern Europe: culturally, politically, and physically fragmented due, in part, to its location at the crossroads between capitalism and communism, Christianity and Islam, and historical powers like the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires.

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effects of communism to capitalism

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post world war2: A sort of barter system existed between Eastern Europe and its primary trading partner, the Soviet Union. Eastern Europe traded raw materials and finished goods for Soviet petroleum and agricultural products. When the USSR collapsed, so did the barter system. Cash-strapped Eastern Europe could not afford to buy fuel, so shortages forced many factories to close.

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Collapse of the Soviet Union date

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1991

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climate of Russia and Eurasian nations

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humid cold climate. cold winters and cool summers because of high latitutde and the size of the eurasian landmass. The north coast along the Arctic Ocean is an extremely cold polar environment covered by sparse tundra vegetation.

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interior of eurasia, the world's largest landmass, is affected by continentality:

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he western portion of Russia receives residual moisture from air flowing over Europe, making it more humid than the east, which has a distinct dry season and has a humid cold climate. Along the southern border of Russia, the area most affected by continentality, the climate can be arid (BW) and semiarid

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time-space convergence

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ability to travel farther in less time

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Absolute and relative location

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absolute location of places does not change, but relative location does. Physically, New York City is no closer to Los Angeles than it was at the turn of the century; however, the time it takes to travel between these two cities has been reduced from weeks to hours

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US and Canada's economy:

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post-industrial, which changes the criteria for industrial lovation. w information-based industries choose locations based on human resources and amenities. (ex: silicon valley and Tresearch Triangle Park)

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Primary economic activities (N.Am)

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involve directly harvesting raw materials (fishing, mining, lumber, agriculture). Because the products have not been significantly altered (value added), their economic value is generally low.

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Secondary economic activities (N. Am)

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convert raw materials into finished products, thereby increasing their value. For example, logging is a primary activity, but making wooden furniture is a secondary activity.

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Tertiary economic activities (n/am)

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distribution and consumption of goods and services. The "service sector" includes transportation, tourism, entertainment, and retail.

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Quaternary economoc activities (n.am)

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revolve around collecting, processing, and disseminating information. Examples include finance, education, media, and government.

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3 land survey methods

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1) long lot survey, in areas settled by the French. property boundaries were laid out in lines perpendicular to major rivers or roads to allow access to a maximum number of people. The resulting plots were long and thin 2)metes and bounds. Land along the Atlantic coast was divided using natural features for landmarks. Boundaries followed rivers and streams or zigzagged between rocks and trees. Plot boundaries and adjacent roads followed irregular lines. 3) township and range: central US and south-central Canada were surveyed before large numbers of settlers arrived. Low population density combined with level terrain allowed the geometrical boundaries of the township and range system. Land was divided into blocks using perpendicular lines

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