Genetics List – Flashcards
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Traits
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DEFINITION: variation of a particular inherited character EXAMPLE: brown hair, blue eyes SENTENCE: The girl had blue eyes, which was a trait inherited from her father.
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Heredity
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DEFINITION: the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next EXAMPLE: the likely hood someone will have blue eyes SENTENCE: Unfortunately fear is mostly influenced by heredity and the environment.
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Genetics
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DEFINITION: study of heredity EXAMPLE: color of hair, nose shape, widow's peak SENTENCE: Genetics laboratory familiar with the appropriate dna diagnostic test.
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Self-Fertilization (pollination)
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DEFINITION: pollen will fertilize an egg from the same plant EXAMPLE: used in plants such as peas SENTENCE: Separating the male and female organs in space and time, however, is a common way of limiting self-pollination.
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Cross Fertilization (pollination)
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DEFINITION: process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant EXAMPLE: how many plants pollinate to make seeds SENTENCE: The large oak tree cross pollinated with another in order to make diverse seeds.
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Purebred
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DEFINITION: the offspring of many generations that have the same traits EXAMPLE: the small pea plant's parents were tall as were generations before SENTENCE: The purebred pea plant had been tall, and it's parents in generations before had also been both tall.
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Hybrid
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DEFINITION: offspring of two different true-breeding varieties EXAMPLE: a rose that is made from two different types of roses SENTENCE: The product of a small pea plant and a tall one was small.
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Gene
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DEFINITION: a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait EXAMPLE: a chromosome unit that determines a person's eye color SENTENCE: The gene that determined a person's pigment color was mutated and the person became albino.
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Allele
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DEFINITION: alternative form of a gene EXAMPLE: the gene that determines hair color SENTENCE: The allele for hair color had been mutated and the person had blue hair
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Dominant
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DEFINITION: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait EXAMPLE: the brown-eyed gene SENTENCE: The baby had the blue-eyed gene along with the brown-eyed gene, but the baby had brown eyes because of it's dominance.
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Recessive
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DEFINITION: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to affect a trait EXAMPLE: the blue-eyed gene SENTENCE: The baby had the blue-eyed gene along with the brown-eyed gene, but the baby had brown eyes because of the recessive blue gene.
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Homozygous
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DEFINITION: having identical alleles for a gene EXAMPLE: two blue-eyed genes SENTENCE: The baby had blue eyes because it's genotype showed that it had a homozygous pair of recessive blue-eyed genes.
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Heterozygous
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DEFINITION: having different alleles for a gene EXAMPLE: one blue-eyed gene and one brown-eyed gene SENTENCE: Because of the baby's heterozygous gene, it had brown eyes.
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Phenotype
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DEFINITION: observable traits of an organism EXAMPLE: blue eyes, brown hair SENTENCE: The baby's phenotype showed that it had blue eyes.
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Genotype
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DEFINITION: genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of alleles EXAMPLE: aa, Aa, bb, BB SENTENCE: The baby had brown eyes, but the genotype also showed it had the blue eyed gene.
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Gamete
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DEFINITION: specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction EXAMPLE: sperm cell, egg cell SENTENCE: When the two gametes joined together, a new organism was formed called a zygote.
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Monohybrid cross
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DEFINITION: mating of two organisms that differ in only one character EXAMPLE: AaxAa SENTENCE: When two heterozygous organisms mate, it is known as a monohybrid cross
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Rule of factors
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DEFINITION: two factors control each trait and factors are inherited in pairs from parents EXAMPLE: AAxAa SENTENCE: The rule of factors is essential in sexual reproduction.
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Law of Segregation
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DEFINITION: first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed EXAMPLE: anaphase of meiosis SENTENCE: The law of segregation happens in meiosis during the two separations of chromosomes.
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Punnett Square
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DEFINITION: diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross EXAMPLE: 25% chance of blue eyes SENTENCE: After observing the punnett square, the doctor told the couple that their baby would have a 25% chance of getting a rare genetic disease.
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P Generation
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DEFINITION: parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross EXAMPLE: two plants in the first controlled genetic cross SENTENCE: The p generation was all purebred plants.
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F1 Generation
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DEFINITION: the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms EXAMPLE: the products of the p generation SENTENCE: The f1 generation was all heterozygous.
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F2 Generation
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DEFINITION: offspring of the F1 generation EXAMPLE: the products of the f1 generation SENTENCE: The f1 generation showed the recessive traits that weren't shown in the f1 generation.
