General Psychology Final Kent State – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Psychology
answer
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
question
Four Goals of Psychology
answer
Describe, Predict, Explain, and Change behavior
question
Who is the founder of Psychology?
answer
Wilhelm Wündt (1879)
question
The Biological Approach
answer
Focusing on the body especially the brain and nervous system.
question
Tammy is a psychologist that studies why your heart may race when you lie. What approach to psychology is tammy practicing?
answer
Biological Approach to Psychology
question
The Behavioral Approach
answer
Focusing on observing behavioral responses and environmental determinants.
question
Dan says that he focuses on what people do versus how they are feeling to determine his psychological diagnosis. What approach to psychology is Dan practicing?
answer
The Behavioral Approach
question
The Psychodynamic Approach
answer
Emphasis unconscious thought and the battle between biological desires and society's demands.
question
Your psychologist tells you that the root of your problem is from your sexual and aggressive impulses within yourself influences the way you've been feeling and thinking. What approach to psychology is this?
answer
The Psychodynamic Approach
question
The Humanistic Approach
answer
Emphasizes positive qualities, capacity for positive growth and the freedom to chose your own destiny.
question
Your Psychologist often tells you that you are in total control of your own destiny and only you can shape your bright future. What approach to Psychology does this demonstrate?
answer
The Humanistic Approach
question
The Cognitive Approach
answer
Emphasizes how we think, remember, store and use information using mental processes.
question
Solving a math problem and remembering how to so is an example of something this Psychologist would focus on.
answer
Cognitive Approach Psychologist
question
The Evolutionary Approach
answer
Using evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection to explain behavior.
question
The Sociocultural Approach
answer
Examines the influence of social and cultural environments on behavior.
question
Descriptive Research
answer
Describing a phenomenon and determining it's basic dimensions.
question
Researching the "Average level of happiness in America" would be what type of research method?
answer
Descriptive
question
Correlation Research
answer
Predicts behavior and observes the relationship between two things.
question
Researching how class attendance affects overall grades is an example of what type of research?
answer
Correlation
question
Strong Correlation
answer
Foot to shoe size
question
Weak Correlation
answer
Shyness to low self-esteem
question
Positive Correlation
answer
Both variables go in the same direction. How much you drink to how loud your voice gets
question
Negative Correlation
answer
Both variables go in different directions.
question
Experimental Research
answer
Explains behavior in a cause and effect manner.
question
Naturalistic Observation
answer
Observing behavior in a real world setting.
question
Independent Variable
answer
Whats being manipulated
question
Dependent Variable
answer
Whats being measured
question
Awareness
answer
Subjective state of reflection on yourself, your thoughts or your experiences.
question
Arousal
answer
Psychological state of being engaged with the environment.
question
Higher-Level Conciousness
answer
Controlled processing in which you actually know what you're doing.
question
What state of consciousness do you use while driving and what brain waves are being exhibited?
answer
Higher-Level Consciousness (Beta Waves)
question
Lower-Level Consciousness
answer
Automatic processing and daydreaming which requires very little attention or focus.
question
What state of consciousness do you use while walking and what brain waves are exhibited?
answer
Lower-Level Consciousness (Alpha Waves)
question
Subconscious Awareness
answer
When you are asleep and dreaming.
question
Circadian Rhythms
answer
Behaviors that align with the 24 day and night cycle
question
Your sleep/wake cycle is set to what kind of rhythm?
answer
Circadian
question
Biological Clock
answer
Brain system that detects the passage of time using internal and external factors.
question
Where is your Biological Clock located?
answer
The Hypothalomus
question
Sleep Stage 1
answer
Drowsy sleep where an individual can be easily woken up. Myoclonic Jerks (Feeling of falling)
question
Sleep Stage 2
answer
Decreased muscle activity, low sensitivity, and irregular EEG patterns.
question
Sleep Spindles
answer
High frequency burst of waves
question
K Complexes
answer
High amplitude waves
question
Sleep Stage 3 & 4
answer
Deep sleep where an individual is difficult to rouse and the sleep is restorative.
question
REM Sleep
answer
When an individual is dreaming comes with muscle paralysis.
question
Insomnia
answer
Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
question
Narcolepsy
answer
The sudden erge to fall asleep
question
Cataplexy
answer
Paralysis that accompanies REM sleep is suddenly activated while the person is still awake
question
REM Sleep Disorder
answer
Paralysis during REM sleep fails to work and the individual will act out their dreams.
question
Nature vs Nurture
answer
Inherited characteristics vs Environmental Influences Have an impact on our development
question
Cross-Sectional Design
answer
Several age groups are studied at the same time.
question
Longitudinal Design
answer
One group of participants are studied over a long period of time.
question
Germinal Stage
answer
Conception to 2 weeks where massive cell division occurs ending with the implication of the egg into the uterine wall.
question
Embryonic Stage
answer
Between two to eight weeks where massive cell differentiation occurs as well as, the development of the umbilical chord and placenta.
question
Fetal Stage
answer
Between two and nine months where massive physical growth takes place.
question
Full Term Pregnancy
answer
36 to 40 weeks
question
Teratogens
answer
Any agent introduced during pregnancy that can cause a birth defect.
question
Reflexes
answer
Survival skills infants become equipped with from birth.
question
Sensorimotor Development
answer
Birth to two years where infants obtain a small understanding of the world through their senses.
question
Pre-Opperational Development
answer
Between two and seven years where the child develops the ability for symbolic though and pretend play.
question
At what stage of early childhood development does language come into play?
answer
Pre-Opperational
question
Concrete Operational
answer
Between seven and eleven years where the child uses operations and replaces heuristic strategies.
question
At what stage of childhood development do logical thinking and mathematics come into play?
answer
Concrete Operational
question
Formal Operational
answer
From eleven on the child gains the ability to think about concepts that aren't concrete. (think about thinking)
question
Attachment
answer
The close bond an infant has with it's caregiver.
question
Authoritarian Parenting
answer
The parent is strict in which limits and controls aspects of the child's life without much verbal communication.
question
Your parents often say "Do this or else" or "because I said so" what type of parenting would you say this is?
answer
Authoritarian Parenting
question
Authoritative Parenting
answer
The parent controls and limits aspects of the child's life however, there is room for give-and-take.
question
Your parents often respond to bad behavior by saying "Now you know you shouldn't of done that." what type of parenting would you say this is?
answer
Authoritative Parenting
question
Neglectful Parenting
answer
The parent isn't really involved with the child's life because other things are more important.
question
Permissive Parenting
answer
The parent has very little limits on the child's behavior and allows him/her to basically do whatever they want to do.
question
Your parents allow you to smoke cigarettes and stay out past curfew what type of parenting would you say this is?
answer
Permissive Parenting
question
Adolescent Egocentrism
answer
Inability of teenagers to distinguish between what they believe people think about them and what people actually think about them.
question
Learning
answer
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process resulting from practice.
question
Classical Conditioning
answer
A neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus and continues to get the same result.
question
Bob's wife flushed the toilet when he was in the shower causing the water to turn hot and for bob to scream. Now every time his wife flushes the toilet bob flenches what is this an example of?
answer
Classical Conditioning
question
Operant Conditioning
answer
A behavior becomes associated with a consequence.
question
Observational Learning
answer
Acquiring skills, knowledge, strategies, beliefs by watching others.
question
Unconditioned Response
answer
A stimulus that gets a response without prior learning.
question
In Pavlov's dog experiment the dog salivating at the food was the?
answer
Unconditioned Response
question
Conditioned Response
answer
A learned response to a stimulus.
question
In Pavlov's dog experiment the dog associating the ringing of the bell with food was the?
answer
Conditioned Response
question
Positive Reinforcement
answer
Presenting a motivating item after a desired behavior.
question
Every time Sara does a chore she gets a dollar what type of reinforcement is this?
answer
Positive
question
Negative Reinforcement
answer
A behavior is strengthened or stopped by taking something negative away.
question
When it is raining you turn on the windshield wipers which then results in their being no rain on your windshield what type of reinforcement is this?
answer
Negitive
question
Positive Punishment
answer
Getting something negative when a negative behavior is exhibited.
question
You were told to not touch the filling cabinet after doing so you received a shock what type of Punishment is this?
answer
Positive
question
Negative Punishment
answer
Taking away something positive after a negative behavior is exhibited.
question
You decide to stay out past curfew and in result get grounded what type of punishment is this?
answer
Negative Punsihment
question
Pavlov
answer
Classical Conditioning
question
Watson
answer
Behaviorism
question
Skinner
answer
Operant Conditioning
question
Bandura
answer
Observational Learning
question
Memory
answer
The retention of information and experiences over time.
question
Short-Term Memory
answer
Limited capacity and only holds information for thirty seconds without actually thinking about it.
question
Rehersal
answer
Saying something over and over so you don't forget
question
Chunking
answer
To remember long lists we often remember them in easy segments.
question
Long-Term Memory
answer
Where we store unlimited information for a long period of time.
question
Implicit (Non-Declaritive) Memory
answer
Non conscious memory for skills, procedures and responses.
question
You ride your bike everyday to and from school but when you are asked to explain how you do the only response you can think of is "because I just know how" what part of your memory allows this to happen?
answer
Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory
question
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
answer
Conscious memories for people, places, events and facts.
question
You can remember simple math equations like the back of your hand what part of your memory allows you to do so?
answer
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
question
Recency Vs Primary Effect
answer
You can recall this at the beginning of a list or something that happened recently vs Being able to recall something at the end of the list or something that happened earlier in the day
question
Proactive Interference
answer
Material learned early on interferes with material learned later.
question
Retroactive Interference
answer
Material learned later on interferes with the retrieval of earlier learned material.
question
Retrograde Amnesia
answer
The loss of memories you previously had.
question
Social Cognition
answer
How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
question
Stereotyping
answer
Generalizing about a groups characteristics in which does not account for the individual.
question
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
answer
Expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make expectations come true.
question
Self-Esteem
answer
The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.
question
Self-Image
answer
The degree to which we believe others have positive or negative feelings about us.
question
Self-Efficacy
answer
Belief that one has the competence to complete a goal or task.
question
Self-Serving Bias
answer
We often attribute our own behavior to whatever explanation benefits us most.
question
Cognitive Dissonance
answer
Mismatch between beliefs and behavior
question
Self-Perception Theory
answer
We determine our beliefs and attitudes by looking at our own behavior.
question
Alturism
answer
Unselfish interest in helping someone.
question
The Nervous System
answer
Body's electrochemical communication system.
question
Plasticity
answer
The brains capacity for change.
question
Central Nervous System
answer
Consists of the brain and spinal chord and is where 99.9 % of our cells are located.
question
Peripheral Nervous System
answer
Network of nerves connecting the brain and the spinal cord to other parts of the body.
question
Somatic Nervous System
answer
Sensory nerves that send information to the brain. Temperature and brain signals
question
Autonomic Nervous System
answer
Messages to and from the internal organs while monitoring breathing, heart rate and digestion.
question
Sympathetic Nervous System
answer
Arouses the body for mobilization and enables the ability to be stressed.
question
Parasympathetic Nervous System
answer
Calms the body.
question
Cerebellum
answer
Controls fine motor skills, walking and balance , and coordination.
question
Hippocampus
answer
Controls learning and memory.
question
Hypothalamus
answer
Body regulation
question
Amygdala
answer
Detecting Fear
question
HindBrain
answer
Controls the body's vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
question
Mid-Brain (Stem)
answer
Controls vision, hearing, motor control, your sleep/wake cycle and arousal.
question
Fore-Brain
answer
Controls processing of information related to complex thought and activities, voluntary motor movement.
question
The Limbic System
answer
Memory
question
Right Brain
answer
Processes non verbal information Visual/Face Recognition Emotion and Music
question
Left Brain
answer
Processes Language and Speech
question
Dendrites
answer
Tree-like fibers that receive information and send it to the neurons cell body.
question
A4 Soma
answer
Holds Cell DNA
question
Axon
answer
Part of a neuron that carries information away from the cell .
question
Terminal Buttons
answer
Tiny bubble structures at the end of dendrites, neurotransmitter that carry the neurons messages to the synapse.
question
Synapse
answer
Tiny spaces between neurons.
question
Action Potential
answer
The wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.
question
Dopamine
answer
Helps control voluntary movement and effects sleep, mood, attention and learning.
question
Serotonin
answer
Regulation of sleep, mood, learning. Low levels = Depression
question
Aceytlcholine
answer
Stimulates neurons involved with the action of muscles and memory.
question
GABA
answer
Neurotransmitter in 1/3 of the brains synapses.
question
DSM
answer
Contains each known disorder, a description, symptoms and facts related to the disorder.
question
Models of Abnormality
answer
Approaches to studying abnormal behavior.
question
Psychoanalysis
answer
Behavioral abnormality is the result of repressed feelings and/or thoughts.
question
Behaviorism Approach to Abnormal Behavior
answer
Abnormal behavior is learned through a series of rewards and punishments.
question
Cognitive
answer
Abnormal behavior results from depression.
question
Major Depressive Disorder
answer
Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and characteristics such as lethargy lasting more than two weeks.
question
Bipolar Disorder
answer
Extreme mood swings that usually comes with one or more manic episodes a day.
question
Schizophrenia
answer
Long-Lasting psychotic disorder involving a break with reality characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior and perception.
question
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
answer
Hallucinations, irrational thought, delusions
question
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
answer
Social withdraw and lack of speech
question
Disorganized Schizophrenia
answer
Confused speech patterns, vivid and frequent hallucinations, socially impaired and usually has bad hygiene.
question
Catatonic Schizophrenia
answer
Does not respond to the outside world, will usually not move for hours as if their brain and body is completely off or completely on.
question
Paranoid Schizophrenia
answer
Suffers from hallucinations and delusions, often extremely auditory, in which they believe someone is constantly pursuing them.
question
Residual Schizophrenia
answer
After a major episode a person might return to "somewhat normal" but, retain odd, quirky symptoms.
question
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
answer
May shift between different types
question
Psychotherapy
answer
Talking about your problems
question
Biomedical Therapy
answer
Directly affecting biological processing.
question
Insight Therapy
answer
Aimed at understanding motive and actions.
question
Action Therapy
answer
Aimed at changing behavior.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New