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Psychology

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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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Four Goals of Psychology

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Describe, Predict, Explain, and Change behavior

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Who is the founder of Psychology?

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Wilhelm Wündt (1879)

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The Biological Approach

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Focusing on the body especially the brain and nervous system.

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Tammy is a psychologist that studies why your heart may race when you lie. What approach to psychology is tammy practicing?

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Biological Approach to Psychology

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The Behavioral Approach

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Focusing on observing behavioral responses and environmental determinants.

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Dan says that he focuses on what people do versus how they are feeling to determine his psychological diagnosis. What approach to psychology is Dan practicing?

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The Behavioral Approach

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The Psychodynamic Approach

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Emphasis unconscious thought and the battle between biological desires and society's demands.

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Your psychologist tells you that the root of your problem is from your sexual and aggressive impulses within yourself influences the way you've been feeling and thinking. What approach to psychology is this?

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The Psychodynamic Approach

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The Humanistic Approach

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Emphasizes positive qualities, capacity for positive growth and the freedom to chose your own destiny.

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Your Psychologist often tells you that you are in total control of your own destiny and only you can shape your bright future. What approach to Psychology does this demonstrate?

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The Humanistic Approach

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The Cognitive Approach

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Emphasizes how we think, remember, store and use information using mental processes.

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Solving a math problem and remembering how to so is an example of something this Psychologist would focus on.

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Cognitive Approach Psychologist

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The Evolutionary Approach

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Using evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection to explain behavior.

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The Sociocultural Approach

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Examines the influence of social and cultural environments on behavior.

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Descriptive Research

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Describing a phenomenon and determining it's basic dimensions.

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Researching the "Average level of happiness in America" would be what type of research method?

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Descriptive

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Correlation Research

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Predicts behavior and observes the relationship between two things.

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Researching how class attendance affects overall grades is an example of what type of research?

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Correlation

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Strong Correlation

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Foot to shoe size

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Weak Correlation

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Shyness to low self-esteem

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Positive Correlation

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Both variables go in the same direction. How much you drink to how loud your voice gets

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Negative Correlation

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Both variables go in different directions.

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Experimental Research

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Explains behavior in a cause and effect manner.

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Naturalistic Observation

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Observing behavior in a real world setting.

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Independent Variable

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Whats being manipulated

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Dependent Variable

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Whats being measured

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Awareness

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Subjective state of reflection on yourself, your thoughts or your experiences.

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Arousal

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Psychological state of being engaged with the environment.

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Higher-Level Conciousness

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Controlled processing in which you actually know what you're doing.

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What state of consciousness do you use while driving and what brain waves are being exhibited?

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Higher-Level Consciousness (Beta Waves)

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Lower-Level Consciousness

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Automatic processing and daydreaming which requires very little attention or focus.

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What state of consciousness do you use while walking and what brain waves are exhibited?

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Lower-Level Consciousness (Alpha Waves)

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Subconscious Awareness

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When you are asleep and dreaming.

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Circadian Rhythms

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Behaviors that align with the 24 day and night cycle

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Your sleep/wake cycle is set to what kind of rhythm?

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Circadian

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Biological Clock

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Brain system that detects the passage of time using internal and external factors.

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Where is your Biological Clock located?

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The Hypothalomus

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Sleep Stage 1

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Drowsy sleep where an individual can be easily woken up. Myoclonic Jerks (Feeling of falling)

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Sleep Stage 2

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Decreased muscle activity, low sensitivity, and irregular EEG patterns.

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Sleep Spindles

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High frequency burst of waves

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K Complexes

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High amplitude waves

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Sleep Stage 3 & 4

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Deep sleep where an individual is difficult to rouse and the sleep is restorative.

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REM Sleep

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When an individual is dreaming comes with muscle paralysis.

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Insomnia

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Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

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Narcolepsy

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The sudden erge to fall asleep

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Cataplexy

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Paralysis that accompanies REM sleep is suddenly activated while the person is still awake

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REM Sleep Disorder

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Paralysis during REM sleep fails to work and the individual will act out their dreams.

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Nature vs Nurture

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Inherited characteristics vs Environmental Influences Have an impact on our development

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Cross-Sectional Design

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Several age groups are studied at the same time.

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Longitudinal Design

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One group of participants are studied over a long period of time.

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Germinal Stage

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Conception to 2 weeks where massive cell division occurs ending with the implication of the egg into the uterine wall.

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Embryonic Stage

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Between two to eight weeks where massive cell differentiation occurs as well as, the development of the umbilical chord and placenta.

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Fetal Stage

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Between two and nine months where massive physical growth takes place.

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Full Term Pregnancy

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36 to 40 weeks

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Teratogens

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Any agent introduced during pregnancy that can cause a birth defect.

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Reflexes

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Survival skills infants become equipped with from birth.

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Sensorimotor Development

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Birth to two years where infants obtain a small understanding of the world through their senses.

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Pre-Opperational Development

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Between two and seven years where the child develops the ability for symbolic though and pretend play.

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At what stage of early childhood development does language come into play?

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Pre-Opperational

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Concrete Operational

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Between seven and eleven years where the child uses operations and replaces heuristic strategies.

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At what stage of childhood development do logical thinking and mathematics come into play?

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Concrete Operational

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Formal Operational

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From eleven on the child gains the ability to think about concepts that aren't concrete. (think about thinking)

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Attachment

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The close bond an infant has with it's caregiver.

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Authoritarian Parenting

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The parent is strict in which limits and controls aspects of the child's life without much verbal communication.

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Your parents often say "Do this or else" or "because I said so" what type of parenting would you say this is?

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Authoritarian Parenting

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Authoritative Parenting

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The parent controls and limits aspects of the child's life however, there is room for give-and-take.

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Your parents often respond to bad behavior by saying "Now you know you shouldn't of done that." what type of parenting would you say this is?

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Authoritative Parenting

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Neglectful Parenting

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The parent isn't really involved with the child's life because other things are more important.

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Permissive Parenting

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The parent has very little limits on the child's behavior and allows him/her to basically do whatever they want to do.

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Your parents allow you to smoke cigarettes and stay out past curfew what type of parenting would you say this is?

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Permissive Parenting

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Adolescent Egocentrism

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Inability of teenagers to distinguish between what they believe people think about them and what people actually think about them.

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Learning

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A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process resulting from practice.

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Classical Conditioning

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A neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus and continues to get the same result.

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Bob's wife flushed the toilet when he was in the shower causing the water to turn hot and for bob to scream. Now every time his wife flushes the toilet bob flenches what is this an example of?

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Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

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A behavior becomes associated with a consequence.

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Observational Learning

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Acquiring skills, knowledge, strategies, beliefs by watching others.

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Unconditioned Response

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A stimulus that gets a response without prior learning.

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In Pavlov's dog experiment the dog salivating at the food was the?

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Unconditioned Response

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Conditioned Response

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A learned response to a stimulus.

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In Pavlov's dog experiment the dog associating the ringing of the bell with food was the?

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Conditioned Response

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Positive Reinforcement

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Presenting a motivating item after a desired behavior.

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Every time Sara does a chore she gets a dollar what type of reinforcement is this?

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Positive

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Negative Reinforcement

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A behavior is strengthened or stopped by taking something negative away.

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When it is raining you turn on the windshield wipers which then results in their being no rain on your windshield what type of reinforcement is this?

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Negitive

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Positive Punishment

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Getting something negative when a negative behavior is exhibited.

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You were told to not touch the filling cabinet after doing so you received a shock what type of Punishment is this?

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Positive

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Negative Punishment

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Taking away something positive after a negative behavior is exhibited.

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You decide to stay out past curfew and in result get grounded what type of punishment is this?

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Negative Punsihment

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Pavlov

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Classical Conditioning

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Watson

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Behaviorism

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Skinner

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Operant Conditioning

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Bandura

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Observational Learning

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Memory

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The retention of information and experiences over time.

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Short-Term Memory

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Limited capacity and only holds information for thirty seconds without actually thinking about it.

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Rehersal

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Saying something over and over so you don't forget

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Chunking

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To remember long lists we often remember them in easy segments.

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Long-Term Memory

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Where we store unlimited information for a long period of time.

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Implicit (Non-Declaritive) Memory

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Non conscious memory for skills, procedures and responses.

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You ride your bike everyday to and from school but when you are asked to explain how you do the only response you can think of is "because I just know how" what part of your memory allows this to happen?

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Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory

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Explicit (Declarative) Memory

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Conscious memories for people, places, events and facts.

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You can remember simple math equations like the back of your hand what part of your memory allows you to do so?

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Explicit (Declarative) Memory

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Recency Vs Primary Effect

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You can recall this at the beginning of a list or something that happened recently vs Being able to recall something at the end of the list or something that happened earlier in the day

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Proactive Interference

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Material learned early on interferes with material learned later.

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Retroactive Interference

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Material learned later on interferes with the retrieval of earlier learned material.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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The loss of memories you previously had.

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Social Cognition

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How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

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Stereotyping

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Generalizing about a groups characteristics in which does not account for the individual.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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Expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make expectations come true.

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Self-Esteem

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The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

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Self-Image

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The degree to which we believe others have positive or negative feelings about us.

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Self-Efficacy

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Belief that one has the competence to complete a goal or task.

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Self-Serving Bias

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We often attribute our own behavior to whatever explanation benefits us most.

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Cognitive Dissonance

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Mismatch between beliefs and behavior

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Self-Perception Theory

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We determine our beliefs and attitudes by looking at our own behavior.

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Alturism

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Unselfish interest in helping someone.

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The Nervous System

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Body's electrochemical communication system.

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Plasticity

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The brains capacity for change.

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Central Nervous System

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Consists of the brain and spinal chord and is where 99.9 % of our cells are located.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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Network of nerves connecting the brain and the spinal cord to other parts of the body.

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Somatic Nervous System

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Sensory nerves that send information to the brain. Temperature and brain signals

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Messages to and from the internal organs while monitoring breathing, heart rate and digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

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Arouses the body for mobilization and enables the ability to be stressed.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Calms the body.

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Cerebellum

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Controls fine motor skills, walking and balance , and coordination.

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Hippocampus

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Controls learning and memory.

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Hypothalamus

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Body regulation

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Amygdala

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Detecting Fear

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HindBrain

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Controls the body's vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.

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Mid-Brain (Stem)

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Controls vision, hearing, motor control, your sleep/wake cycle and arousal.

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Fore-Brain

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Controls processing of information related to complex thought and activities, voluntary motor movement.

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The Limbic System

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Memory

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Right Brain

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Processes non verbal information Visual/Face Recognition Emotion and Music

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Left Brain

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Processes Language and Speech

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Dendrites

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Tree-like fibers that receive information and send it to the neurons cell body.

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A4 Soma

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Holds Cell DNA

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Axon

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Part of a neuron that carries information away from the cell .

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Terminal Buttons

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Tiny bubble structures at the end of dendrites, neurotransmitter that carry the neurons messages to the synapse.

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Synapse

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Tiny spaces between neurons.

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Action Potential

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The wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.

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Dopamine

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Helps control voluntary movement and effects sleep, mood, attention and learning.

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Serotonin

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Regulation of sleep, mood, learning. Low levels = Depression

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Aceytlcholine

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Stimulates neurons involved with the action of muscles and memory.

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GABA

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Neurotransmitter in 1/3 of the brains synapses.

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DSM

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Contains each known disorder, a description, symptoms and facts related to the disorder.

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Models of Abnormality

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Approaches to studying abnormal behavior.

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Psychoanalysis

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Behavioral abnormality is the result of repressed feelings and/or thoughts.

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Behaviorism Approach to Abnormal Behavior

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Abnormal behavior is learned through a series of rewards and punishments.

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Cognitive

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Abnormal behavior results from depression.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and characteristics such as lethargy lasting more than two weeks.

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Bipolar Disorder

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Extreme mood swings that usually comes with one or more manic episodes a day.

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Schizophrenia

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Long-Lasting psychotic disorder involving a break with reality characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior and perception.

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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Hallucinations, irrational thought, delusions

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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Social withdraw and lack of speech

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Disorganized Schizophrenia

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Confused speech patterns, vivid and frequent hallucinations, socially impaired and usually has bad hygiene.

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Catatonic Schizophrenia

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Does not respond to the outside world, will usually not move for hours as if their brain and body is completely off or completely on.

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Paranoid Schizophrenia

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Suffers from hallucinations and delusions, often extremely auditory, in which they believe someone is constantly pursuing them.

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Residual Schizophrenia

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After a major episode a person might return to "somewhat normal" but, retain odd, quirky symptoms.

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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

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May shift between different types

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Psychotherapy

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Talking about your problems

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Biomedical Therapy

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Directly affecting biological processing.

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Insight Therapy

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Aimed at understanding motive and actions.

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Action Therapy

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Aimed at changing behavior.

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