General Psychology Final Exam- Joynes – Flashcards
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Health Psychology
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A subfield of psychology that focuses on maintaining health and preventing/treating illness.
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Biopsychosocial Model of Health
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The integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in dealing with health related behaviors
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Health Behaviors
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Practices that have an impact on physical well-being
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Theory of Reasoned Action
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Specific intentions "promise to self to change" Positive attitudes "feel good about the change" Approval of social group "feel support from friends"
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Theory of Planned Behavior
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Specific intentions "promise to self to change" Positive attitudes "feel good about the change" Approval of social group "feel support from friends" Perception of Control "feel you have the power to change"
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Stages of Change Model + the steps
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5 step process by which people give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles; pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action/willpower, maintenance
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Precontemplation
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"not ready to change"
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Contemplation
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"I need to change"
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Preparation/Determination
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"preparing to take action"
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Action/Willpower
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"enact a plan"
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Maintenance
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"success over time"
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Relapse
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A return to former unhealthy behavior patterns.
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Resources for Positive Change
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Motivation Social Relationships Religious Faith Personality Characteristics
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Social Relationships
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Probably the most important variable in predicting health.
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Social Support
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Feedback from others that one is loved, cared for, valued, and included in a network of communication.
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Three benefits of Social Support
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Tangible Assistance Information Emotional Support and Social Sharing
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Personality Characteristics
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High levels in each of these traits leads to healthier, longer lives. Conscientiousness Personal Control Self-Efficacy Optimism
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Stress
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Term used to describe physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to events that are perceived as threatening or challenging.
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Stressors
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events that cause stress reactions.
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Distress
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Stress that is caused by unpleasant happenings.
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Eustress
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Stress that is caused by positive happenings.
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Types of Stressors
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Catastrophes Major Life Changes Hassles
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Catastrophes
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Unpredictable event that happens on a large scale.
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Major Life Changes
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Landmark events that change your life.
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Hassles
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Daily annoyances of life.
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Typical Sources of Stress
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Pressure Personal Control Frustration Conflict
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Pressure
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Demands and expectations are high from an outside source. Time may be a source of this. Negative impact on performance and creativity
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Personal Control
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You feel that you are responsible for and in control of your own behaviors and choices.
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Learned Helplessness
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After repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events, organisms will develop a tendency to remain in stressful situations, even when escape is possible. It leads to increased illness, depression, and anxiety disorders
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Frustration
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Occurs when people are blocked from achieving their goal.
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Responses to Frustration
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Persistence Aggression Displacement Escape/withdrawal
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Conflict
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Having to choose between two options, where both options are good, bad, or both.
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Approach-approach conflict
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Torn between two desirable goals.
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Avoidance-avoidance conflict
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Torn between two undesirable goals.
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Approach-avoidance conflict
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Choosing yes or no about a goal that has both good and bad things about it.
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Responses to Stress
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Physical Problems Emotional Problems Cognitive Problems
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General Adaptation Syndrome + stages
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Hans Selye's description of what happens when you make strong demands on the body. Three Stages: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
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Type A Personalities
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Workaholics, very ambitious, competitive, easily annoyed. Much more likely to have coronary (heart) diseases.
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Type B Personalities
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Easygoing, slow to anger, sloppy, disorganized
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Type C Personalities
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Internalize feelings, want everyone to get along, avoid conflict strongly associated with cancer.
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Hardy Personalities
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Tend to thrive on stress. Have a deep sense of commitment to goals Feel in control of their lives See things as challenges.
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Cognitive Appraisal
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An individual's interpretation of an event as either harmful, threatening or challenging, and the person's evaluation of whether he/she has the resources to deal with the event.
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Cognitive Appraisal Model
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Primary appraisal- Estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, a challenge, or a loss. Secondary appraisal-What are my resources?
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Coping
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A kind of problem-solving that involves managing stressful circumstances, expending effort to solve life's difficulties, and seeking to reduce stress.
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Types of Coping Strategies
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Problem-Focused Coping Emotion-Focused Coping
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Problem-Focused Coping
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Cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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Trying to manage one's emotional reaction to a stressor, rather than focusing on the root problem.
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Characteristics of Abnormality
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Statistically Rare Deviance from Social Norms Personal Distress Interference with Normal Functioning
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Abnormality
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Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or interferes with their ability to function in daily life.
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About __% of adults suffer from mental disorder per year.
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22
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Most prevalent of Psychological disorders is _____.
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depression
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___ out of the top 10 causes of disability in the U.S. is from Psychological Disorders
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4
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR
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Contains each known disorder, a description, symptoms, checklist of criteria, and other relevant facts. Divided into five parts (Axes).
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DSM-IV-TR Axes
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Axis I - Clinical disorders, Axis II - Personality disorders and Mental Retardation, Axis III - General Medical conditions, Axis IV - Psychosocial and environmental problems, Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning
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Rosenhan Study
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Pseudo-patients could not be distinguished from regular patients. Behaviors were viewed as abnormal because of contextual bias.
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Models of Abnormality
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Approach to studying abnormal behavior Biological Models Psychological Models
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Biological Models
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Psychological disorders have a biological cause. Also known as the medical model.
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Psychological Models (3)
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Psychoanalytic- disorders are caused by unconscious conflicts Behaviorism- disorders are learned Cognitive perspective- disorders are caused by illogical thinking
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Anxiety Disorders
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Unrealistic or excessive anxiety.
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Fear vs. free floating anxiety
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Sometimes can be tied to something specific (fear), but other time it cannot (free-floating anxiety)
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Types of Anxiety Disorders
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Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Panic disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Phobias
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Irrational fear that causes undue personal distress and/or interferes with normal functioning
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Social Phobias
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Fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation
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Specific Phobias
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Fear of something in particular
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions) and/or actions(compulsions).
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Obsessions
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Intruding thoughts that occur again and again.
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Compulsions
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Ritualistic behavior that reduces anxiety.
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Panic Disorder
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Sudden onset of extreme panic; impending sense of doom
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Symptoms of Panic Disorder (not on guide)
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Racing heart rate Rapid breathing Out of body experience- is this really happening? Real life? Sweating Dry mouth
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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Excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months that interferes with normal functioning and causes personal distress Can often lead to depression and other disorders.
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, abuse, or disaster.
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Characteristics of PTSD
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Flashbacks Emotionally avoidant Desensitization Exaggerated startle response Difficulty concentrating Apprehensive and nervous Impulsive outbursts (sometimes aggressive)
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What causes anxiety disorders?
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There are probably many causes of anxiety disorders. Psychologists approach anxiety disorders using the model of their choice.
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Psychoanalytic Approach
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Anxiety disorders are the result of repressed feelings and thoughts
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Behavioral Approach
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Anxiety disorders are learned over time
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Cognitive Approach
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Anxiety disorders are the result of illogical, irrational thinking patterns.
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Magnification
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Exaggeration of events, ideas, feelings
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All-or-nothing thinking
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Must be perfect or it's completely ruined
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Overgeneralization
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Single negative event interpreted as a pattern
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Minimization
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only look at the bad, minimizing the positive
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Mood Disorders (affective disorders)
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Disturbance in affect or emotion.
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Mild Mood Disorders
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Dysthymia Cyclothymia
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Major Mood Disorders
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Major Clinical Depression Bipolar
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Dysthymia
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A moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically associated with some outside stressor. (mild depression)
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Cyclothymia
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A cycling between sadness and happiness that lasts more than two years. (mild bipolar)
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Major Clinical Depression
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Deeply depressed mood that comes on fairly suddenly and is out of proportion with the circumstances surrounding it.
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Bipolar disorder
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Cycling between manic episodes (extreme happiness) and depressive episodes.
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Schizophrenia
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Long-lasting psychotic disorder (involving a break with reality) characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior, and perception.
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Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Obvious Symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, irrational thought, word salad
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Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Symptoms more difficult to read such as flat affect (no emotion), catatonia (like mannequin), social withdrawal, lack of speech
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Types of Schizophrenia
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Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated- combo of all 3 Residual (last two are kinda random categories)
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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Confused speech patterns, vivid and frequent hallucinations, inappropriate affect (affect means emotion ok), socially impaired, with poor hygiene.
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Does not respond to the outside world. Will not move for hours on end, often staying in odd postures. Totally on or off.
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Suffers from hallucinations and delusions, often auditory, in which they believe they are being persecuted or pursued.
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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
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May shift from one type of schizophrenia to another
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Residual Schizophrenia
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After a major episode of schizophrenia that is over. Person may return to "somewhat" normal, but retain odd, quirky symptoms. (in remission)
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Causes of Schizophrenia
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Multiple Factors.. most likely a biological neurodegenerative disorder. Genetic factors Dopamine Hypothesis- Theory that it is excessive dopamine that causes schizophrenia
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Evidence for genetics (schizophrenic)
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Twin studies! Ideally will be 100% for identical and 50% for fraternal. Is actually 49% for identical and 7% for fraternal. This means that genetics only plays a role.
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Psychotherapy
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"talking about problems"
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Biomedical therapy
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"medical procedure"
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Types of Psychotherapy
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Insight therapies, Action therapies
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Insight therapies
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Aimed at understanding motives and actions.
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Types of Insight Therapies
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Psychoanalysis Humanistic therapy
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Advantages/Disadvantages to Insight therapies
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A-Can learn about oneself, may address root of problem. D-May be lengthy and costly, may never find underlying cause of problem.
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Advantages/Disadvantages to Action therapies
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A-Quicker and cheaper, higher success at changing behavior. D-May not be getting to root cause of the problem.
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Psychoanalysis
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Mental and behavioral problems are caused by conflicts between acceptable behavior and unacceptable, unconscious desires.
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Sigmund Freud
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Inventor of Psychoanalysis
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Characteristics of Psychoanalysis
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Dream analysis, Free association, Resistance, Transference
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Dream analysis
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Unconscious mind emerges in dreams.
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Free association
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Unconscious mind emerges in free flowing stream of ideas.
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Resistance
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Patients unwilling to talk about certain things means that coming close to repressed material.
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Transference
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Patient transfers feelings from childhood to therapist.
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (not on guide)
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Founders of Humanistic Therapy
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Humanistic Therapy
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Emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human nature as growth seeking experiences and motivations for behavior.
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Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapy
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Reflection Unconditional positive regard Empathy Authenticity
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Reflection
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Mirroring statements without interfering with the flow of ideas. "So, what I hear you saying is..?"
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Unconditional positive regard
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Creating a completely accepting atmosphere.
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Empathy
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Feeling what the client is feeling.
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Authenticity
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Giving genuine, open, and honest responses.
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Action therapies
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Aimed at changing behavior.
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Types of Action Therapies
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Behavior therapy Cognitive therapy
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Behavior Therapy
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An action therapy involving the use of learning techniques to change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior. "behavior modification or applied behavior analysis"
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Principles of Behavior Therapy
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Modeling Reinforcement Extinction Training
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Modeling
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Learning through the observation and imitation of others. (like alcoholics anonymous)
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Reinforcement
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Strengthening a response by following it with something pleasurable or by removing something unpleasant.
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Examples of Reinforcement (not on guide, but could be helpful)
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Token economies- every time you do this you get a token, get so many tokens, you get something good. Contingency contracting- commitment in writing Omission training- oops missed this one lol
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Extinction Training
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Eliminating maladaptive behaviors through extinction, counterconditioning or punishment.
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Examples of Extinction Training
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Systematic desensitization (flooding) Aversion therapy- link drinking alcohol to getting sick
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Cognitive Therapy
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Focused on changing distorted thinking patterns. Goal is to help clients think more positively.
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy
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Testing beliefs to see how accurate they really are. (directly challenges beliefs) "every1 hatez me" "i don't doe #gotcha"
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Mixes both Cognitive therapy with Behaviorism. Establish positive thinking patterns Set up rewards/punishments to change behavior Develop strategies to cope with future problems (most effective for anxiety and mood disorders)
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Criticism of CBT
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May just be treating symptoms, not underlying causes of problem.
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Biomedical Therapies
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Therapy that directly affects biological processing.
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Types of Biomedical Therapies
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Psychopharmacological treatments Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
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Psychopharmacological Treatments
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Antipsychotic drugs (Neuroleptics) Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics) Antidepressants
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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While patient is under anesthesia, an electrical shock is delivered to the head that results in seizure. Causes a "flood" of neurotransmitters in the brain. Used in the treatment of depression.
