General Psychology, Chapter 13, Personality – Flashcards
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Made up of thoughts, emotional responses, behaviors Adaptive
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Personality
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Individual characteristic or pattern of emotional responses and behaviors Consistent over time and across situations
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Traits
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General tendencies to feel/act in certain ways Innate, more stable than personality Can be used to predict personality and behaviors in adulthood
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Temperment
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Activity level (degree of energy) Emotionality (intensity of emotional reaction) Sociability (Tendency to affiliate with others)
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Temperament is based on:
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Girls- greater impulse control and attention Boys- more active
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Temperament between girls and boys
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Relatively unable to be retrieved
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Unconscious processes
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Possible to bring to awareness
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Preconscious level
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Id Ego Superego
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3 Structures for personality (Freud)
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Completely unconscious -Pleasure principle (libido) -Impulses and desires
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Id
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Attempts to balance desires of id with the standards set by the superego -Reality principle -Rational thought, problem solving
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Ego
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Acts counter to the id -Mostly unconscious -Develops in childhood, internalized by parents and society as modes of conduct
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Superego
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Freud's 5 stages of development
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Psychodynamic Theory of Personality
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Oral stage- infancy, interested in mouth, hunger Anal stage- 2-3 years old, interested in anus (toilet training) Phallic stage- 3-5 years old, interested in genitals and body exploration Latency stage- Suppress libido to focus on school and friendships Genital stage- adolescents/adults, interested in reproduction and sexual intimacy .....Freud what the ****?
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What are the five stages of Psychodynamic Theory of Personality?
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People can become "fixated" at a particular stage, effects their development ex. being fixated at oral stage can lead to fascination with mouth- smoking
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Psychosexual stages affecting personality development
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Linked to relationship with mother
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Fear of abandonment/insecurities
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Fear of inadequacy
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Inferiority complex
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Sense of self develops in relation to others and the environment
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Object relations theory
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Personality develops as a response to learning, through reinforcement
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Strict behavioral theory
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Important when it comes to personality internal vs. external
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Cognition in behavior
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Leaning on external makes you feel like you have control ie. "I can and will change this in my life"
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Internal cognition
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Accepts the way the world is ie. "'I'm a pawn, I just move around and things happen to me"
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External cognition
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Beliefs, thoughts, and expectations interact with the environment to influence behavior Expectancies are developed through observational learning
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Albert Bandura's Cognitive social theory
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Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) -Personalities often fail to predict responses across situations -Therefore, we adjust behavior accordingly when setting and meeting goals
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Walter Mischel's Cognitive social theory
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Process of seeking out personal growth through self-understanding
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Self-actualization
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Had more of a humanistic approach to treating people, less cruelty
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Carl Rogers
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an approach of psychology aimed at getting people to reach their full potential
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Humanistic approach
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Many contemporary psychologists focus on individual differences in dispositions
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Trait approaches
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Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism Agreeableness universal across every culture
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Big 5 on trait approaches
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Suggested that traits are based on biology, which govern your personality and behavior Differs for introverts vs. extroverts (Pay attention only to the chart)
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Eysenck's Biological Trait Theory
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Motivates you to approach or pursue rewards Usually for reinforcement/reward Increases you dopamine Linked to extraversion/positivity
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Behavioral Activation System
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Motivates you you to avoid danger/pain Usually to avoid punishment Increases serotonin Linked to negative affect/anxiety
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Behavioral Inhibition System
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The idea that traits are determined more by situations than traits
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Situationalism
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Dispositional traits determined largely by biological processes Stable
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Basic tendencies
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Adjustments made to the situation
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Characteristic adaptations
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Young adulthood
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When do most changes in personality occur?
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Increases in: Self-control Emotional stability Agreeable Conscientious Decreases in: Openness to experience Neuroticism Extraversion
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How does young adults' personality change?
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Believes people have unique personality structures; thus some traits (cardinal traits) are more important in understanding the structure of some people than others
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Idiographic Personality Test
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Believes people's unique personalities can be understood as them having relatively greater or lesser amounts of traits that are consistently across people
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Nomothetic Personality Test
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Projective Measures: -Rorschach Inkblot Test -Thematic Apperception Test Self-report -Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) -California Q-Sort
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Specific Assessment Types
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The closer the concept, the stronger the relationship Working self-concept
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Self-schema
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Idea that self-esteem is based on how others' view us Internalize others' perception
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Reflected appraisal
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Humans have an adaptive need to belong Sociometer indicates low probably of rejection, we experience high self-esteem Low self-esteem is correlated with social anxiety
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Sociometer Theory
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Social comparisons -High self-esteem: Make downward comparisons -Low self-esteem: Make upward comparisons Self-serving biases -Take credit for success -blame external sources for failures
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Mental strategies used to maintain positive sense of self
