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psychology

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the science of behavior and mental processes

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subfields

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with psychology, share the common purpose of understanding behavior

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theories

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wide-ranging predictions or explanations of everyday behavior or phenomena

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hypothesis

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a prediction of a theory and is written in a way to allow for testing and research

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Scientific method

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a systematic approach applied by psychologists to question the world around them and to gain knowledge. three steps are identify problem, formulate a rationale, perform supportive research

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motivation

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to discover a persons personal goals

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emotion

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a positive or negative feeling in reaction to stimuli, energizes human behavior

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behavior

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a persons actions that others can directly observe, such as walking, talking, writing

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mental processes

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private thoughts, emotions, feelings and motives that others can't directly observe

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empathy

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experiencing of another person's emotional state through that persons eyes "walking in another persons shoes"

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sympathy

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a person feels sad for another person

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fear

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emotion that invokes a physiological, cognitive and behavioral response, such as fight or flight syndrome

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personality

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the sum total of the typical ways of acting, thinking and feeling that makes each person unique

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psychodynamic theory of personality

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original pioneer Sigmund Freud, theory was unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

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unconscious

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part of personality which a person is not aware , potential determinant of behavior

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Freud's mind

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division of the mind into three personality component parts by Freud, id, ego and superego, each part different by related

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The id

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unconscious, no contact with reality and works on pleasure principle, the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain (regardless of how harmful it might be to others)

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The ego

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reality principle, the minds attempt to bring pleasure and sexual impulses and balance impulses of The id. the ego is partly conscious and helps us test reality to see how far we can go before we run into trouble or harm

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The superego

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not based in reality, that ? weather an act is right or wrong, its our moral barometer, our conscience, represents rights and wrongs of society, developed from our parents, teachers or other significant individuals

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defense mechanisms

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coping skills Freud believed were formed to help the ego reduce anxiety and help a person cope with daily life, anxiety occurs because superego and id are both unrealistic and make it difficult for ego to live in reality because ego is caught between id (I want what I want now) and superego (I judge everything)

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Carl Jung's theories

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theories are based on extroversion, introversion, personal unconscious and collective unconscious

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extroversion

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Jung says, tendency of some people to be friendly and open to the world

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introversion

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Jung says, tendency of some people to be shy and to focus their attention on themselves

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personal unconscious

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Jung says, motives, conflicts, and information that are repressed by a person because they are threating to that individual

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collective unconscious

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Jung says, the shared content of the unconscious mind with which all humans are born

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humanistic theory of personality

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humans are striving to reach their full potential and with encouragement and unconditional positive regard, they can achieve it

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psychological motives

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motives that are not directly related to the biological survival of the individual, there needs in the sense of peoples happiness and well being depends on these motives

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motive for affiliation

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the need to be with other people and have relationships

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fear of success

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fear of the consequences of success, particularly the envy of others

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Abraham Maslow believed that the basic needs of humans must be met before upper-level functioning can occur, pyramid is the basics of life (food, air, water, clothing, shelter) safety (protection, no fear or anxiety), love and belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization,

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personality and culture

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ethnicity, race, gender, sexual preference and physical challenges are factors psychologist are excepting

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behavioral / learning theory of personality

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consequences cause a change, positive reinforcement is achieved when a reward is given

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adaptation

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the adjustment of a persons sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to a stimulus ex. viewing excessive exposure to abuse doesn't bring on the same response a sudden event

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behavior modification

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technique to promote the frequency of desired behavior while decreasing an undesired behavior

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biofeedback

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person learns to control internal physiological system, such as blood pressure, pulse, and respirations by conscious thought

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cognitive theory

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theory that a person's emotions are a result of how that person interprets stimuli through his or her belief system, ex. + view belief = see green and associate with money and be happy, - view belief= see green and associate with money and be sad

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cognitive development

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process infant becomes intelligent person, acquiring knowledge with growth and improving his or her ability to think, learn, reason and abstract. Jean Piaget demonstrated the order sequence from early infancy through childhood

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cognitions

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the intellectual processes through which information is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved and used

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language

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a symbolic code used in communication

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intelligence

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cognitive abilities of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well and to cope with the demands of daily living

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cognitive

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pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional process

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cognitive dissonance

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person has two conflicting attitudes about the same event, anxiety generated cause person to change their mind about how the event occurred or deny how they really feel about it ex. smoking bad, I'm eating healthy

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psychological disorders

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a mental disorder of thought or emotion, a disorder of the brain that results in disruption of the persons thinking, feeling, moods, and ability to relate to others

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders that involve excessive levels of negative emotions, nervousness, tension, worry, fright, anxiety

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depression

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feeling of sadness, lack of energy, hopelessness and despair, types are manic, reactive, endogenous and involutional

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seasonal depression

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for of depression evolving same time of year (winter)

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phobias

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intense, irrational fears of objects or situations, (spider, snakes, death, heights)

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generalized anxiety disorder

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long-term persistent anxiety and worry, uneasy sense of general tension and apprehension that makes a person uncomfortable

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panic anxiety disorder

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a pattern of anxiety in which long periods of calm are broken by an intensely uncomfortable attack of anxiety

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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disorder that involve obsession (anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away) obsession and compulsion are two separate problems but often occur together. compulsion - repeatedly washing hands over and over

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dissociative disorders

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disorder involving apparent , abrupt, and repeated shifting from on personality to another, formerly known as multiple personality

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders that are believed to result from personalities that developed improperly from childhood. all personality disorders begin early in life, they're disturbing to person and others, difficult to treat

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somatoform disorders

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disorders in which a person experiences symptoms of health problems that have psychological rather than physical causes. more in women then men and take form of chronic and recurring aches, pains, tiredness, illnesses

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hypochondriasis

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a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health

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conversion disorder

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a major somatoform disorder that involves actual physical disturbance, such as inability to use a sensory organ or the complete of partial inability to move and arm or leg

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schizophrenia

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psychological disorder involving cognitive disturbances (delusions and hallucinations), disorganization and reduced enjoyment and interest

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mania

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extended stat of intense of elation, intense happiness, power, invulnerability and energy. gets involved with wild schemes thinking they will succeed at anything

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bipolar disorder

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a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings and mania and periods of depression, most common mood disorders along with depression

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attention deficit disorder

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disorder affection children and adolescents, by the inability to focus attention, leading to behavior problems and learning disabilities, ADD is more in boys than girls

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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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behavioral disorder that affects boys three times more often then girls, its signified by impulsive action, hyperactivity difficulty focusing, 3 types: ADHD-1 (known as ADD), ADHD-2 (primarily hyperactive-impulsive, and ADHD-3 (inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive)

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autism

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mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, and the inability to communicate verbally or otherwise related to people. schizophrenic children are often autistic

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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

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as people age they go through psychosocial changes, there are two forces at each milestone of development, resolution results in positive or negative outcomes and how ever it is resolved is how the persons identity is forms from infancy (birth) to maturity (65+)

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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

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stages of death, pass through five stages, denial (looking for a miracle cure), anger (why me), bargaining (looking to make a deal with God), depression (goes into a depression, overcomes with guilt), acceptance (sense of peace)

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grief

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a group of intense psychological and physical responses that occur after a loss of some kind, stages include shock, reality and recovery and various types of grief are uncomplicated, anticipatory, dysfunctional and disenfranchised

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mourning

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when grief is expressed and the loss is integrated and resolved

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bereavement

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the period that follows the death of a loved one

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compliance

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strategies to increase compliances is to provide clear instructions regarding medications, maintain good rapport, be honest, keep pt well informed, frame messages in a positive manner to detect disease and frame messages in a negative manner to motivate pt to prevent diseases.

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stress

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a persons response to threatening or challenging event

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coping with stress

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patient attempts to lessen stress through defense mechanisms or alcohol or drug use

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general adaption syndrome (GAS)

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Hans Selye's theory a person under stress experience physiological reactions regardless of the source of stress, three stages a person moves through when faced with stress are (1) alarm and mobilization (the nervous system becomes energized), (2) patient prepares to fight stressor (this can cause the pt physiological and psychological harm) and (3) exhaustion as a negative consequence if unable to remove the stressor

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psychophysiological disorders

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disorders that are real medical conditions influenced by physical, emotional, and psychological difficulties

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psychophysiological conditions

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common conditions such as high blood pressure, headaches, backaches, and skin rashes that may link or worsen by stress

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cataclysmic event stressor

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events that happen suddenly and affect many people causing strong stress

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personal stressors

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major events in ones personal life positive or negative can cause stress, death of spouse, losing job, moving, abuse, having a baby, marriage,

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background stressors

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daily annoyances, traffic, work, have the least impact on a person by can result in psychological and physical problems e.g. colds, backaches, agitation, irritability

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uplifts

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stress reducers, minor positive events that can make a person feel good

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man has statement of denial

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Man just told his dx was cancer and probability of not living long , what stage of death is this (Kubler-Ross)

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man is realizing he is dying and is angry

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man returns to office very argumentative and annoyed when someone tries to help or speak nice to him

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integrity vs. despair

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man facing death in late adulthood and is reviewing his life, what conflict is he trying to resolve according to Eridson's stage of development.

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shelter

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which is a biological need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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stress can affect the bodies ability to fight off stress

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what is true about stress

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acceptance

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the five stages of grief include denial, anger, depression, bargaining and

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rationalization

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patient asked to exercise tree times a week and she tells you that she could not do it because she had to work

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displacement

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man laid off from work and becomes mean-spirited toward his wife is following what defense mechanisms

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mood disorder

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Major depression and bipolar disorder are most characteristic of what psychological condition

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regression

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18 month old temporarily forgets potty training when parents bring home new baby what defense mechanisms is caused

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guilt

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most common initial reaction to a permanently disabling injury

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death of spouse

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high level of stress on body

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projection

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irritable and complaining patient states everyone around him is negative and irritable and you know this defense mechanism as

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Jung

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terms extroversion, introversion, personal unconscious and collective unconscious are attributed to whom

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background stressor

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when waiting in line or in traffic upsets a person

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internal physiological systems

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biofeedback is a process that can help a person learn to control

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sublimation

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aggressive person becomes a boxer is utilizing the Freudian defense mechanism

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