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Between ages 6 and 10, children change from

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making gender stereotypical judgments of the other gender to making gender stereotypical judgments of both genders

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According to social learning theory, gender differences are

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totally a matter of learning from society

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A tendency to be active or passive in interactions with other young children depends on the

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situation-girls are more active interacting with girls and more passive interacting with boys

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The famous case of John/Joan suggested that

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gender identity has strong biological components.

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The statement "women need a man to take care of them" is consistent with the concept of

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benevolent sexism

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The types of gender bias that appear on television programming oriented toward adults

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is present in programming oriented toward children

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What is a likely conclusion concerning the role of biological factors in determining gender identity?

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Biological influences provide a basis for gender identity, but other factors also contribute

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What pattern of couples violence is most common?

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Situations of minor violence, which may be initiated by either women or men.

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Research that examined the trend of preferences for characteristics for potential mates over the past 60 years

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discovered that women have increased their preference for physical attractiveness in potential mates

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The cultivation theory of media effects proposes that

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the media cultivate beliefs and attitudes about the world that lead people to imagine that their lives should match these images

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If a boy's brother makes fun of him when he plays with dolls, the boy is being

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punished for playing with dolls

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Activities, such as cooking, become part of gender role behaviors due to

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association with one gender or the other through different rates of performance for the behavior

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In observing male and female nonhuman primates and their behavior with their young,

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the patterns of care giving vary, with some species having primary care provided by females and some species having primary care provided by males

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______ are more likely to be the perpetrators and _______ are more likely to be the victims of crime

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Men . . . . men

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The factor that social learning, cognitive developmental, gender schema, and gender script theories all have in common is

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an emphasis on the social context of gender development

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One difference between gay and heterosexual fathers is

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that gay fathers divide child care more evenly than heterosexual couples

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When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to ma

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ke exceptions. That is, they tend to stereotype on the basis of gender

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Girls and boys form play groups during their middle-school years that

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tend to include smaller, more cooperative groups of girls compared to larger, more competitive groups of boys

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How do age peers react to children who cross gender boundaries by preferring the activities associated with the other gender?

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These children are subject to teasing, threats, and harassment

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By examining personal and social characteristics of marriage partners, which saying applies?

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"Birds of a feather flock together."

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How does a person fulfill his or her gender role?

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by behaving in expected ways in various situations

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Four-year-old Alicia says, "I'm a girl, but I can be a daddy when I grow up, if I want to." Alicia

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fails to show gender stability

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In broad, overall terms, the media tend to

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emphasize differences between women and men

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Cross-cultural research on emotionality has shown that

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similarities exist in the range of emotions that humans experience, but the circumstances that elicit emotions differ

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When husbands "stonewall" (when they disengage) during conflict, this tactic

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signals relationships that are in trouble

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Like Brandon Teena in Boys Don't Cry, many transsexual individuals

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are the targets of violence

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Cross-cultural studies of domestic violence indicate that

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some societies have very little intimate partner violence

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What predicts egalitarian attitudes in men?

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having nurturant fathers and mothers in the workforce

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Among heterosexual couples, who is most likely to initiate a break-up?

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women, regardless of their career status

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If women and men are subject to different display rules, then their

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behavioral expressions of emotion should differ

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Gender segregation refers to the

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separation into same-gender groups that begins as early as preschool age

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Research on domestic violence indicates that

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women and men both initiate domestic violence, women are much more likely to sustain serious injury as a result of domestic violence

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When African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans take the Bem Sex Role Inventory

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their score profiles show patterns of difference from the White students in the norm sample

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For women and men in the United States, the physical and mental health benefits of marriage

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are not equal, with husbands benefiting more than wives

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Children who develop a tendency to respond with violence

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see the world as a dangerous place, tend to have parents who use harsh and inconsistent punishment, believe that violence is an acceptable strategy for resolving conflicts

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Men who project an aura of aggression, violence, and daring

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are fulfilling the Give 'Em Hell component of the Male Gender Role

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In examining male-male, male-female, and female-female love relationships, researchers found that

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all couples used similar criteria when selecting a partner.

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A cross-cultural analysis of gender relationships in marriage indicated that

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both tribal and industrialized societies have examples of egalitarian and of male-dominated marriages

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All versions of psychoanalytic theory

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hypothesize gender differences in personality development.

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The first step in the formation of gender stereotypes is

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developing the ability to label the genders

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Among divorced women and men

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sexual problems and affairs were common reasons underlying divorce

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Media depictions of adolescent girls and boys tend to

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emphasize unrealistic body image for girls and depict unrealistic sexuality for boys.

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The concept of maternal instinct

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holds that nurturing behaviors of mothers are biologically defined and largely insensitive to environmental circumstances

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Wives who engage in criticism of their husbands during marital conflicts

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tend to have relationships that are in trouble

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In studies examining the physiological responsiveness to babies

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the gender-related differences tend to disappear

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Harlow's studies with mothering behavior in monkeys that have been maternally deprived suggest that

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experience and not instinct is the determining factor in care giving

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In slasher movies, women are stalked by crazed killers, and in real life, women are more likely to be harmed by

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an intimate partner

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Horney hypothesized that men and women were not equally vulnerable to feelings of inferiority due to

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men's constant need to prove themselves sexually

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From middle childhood to young adulthood, what gender differences appear in aggression?

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Boys and girls use different aggressive tactics, with boys more likely to use physical confrontation and girls more likely to use social ostracism

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Five-year-old Jacob says, "I don't want to wear that shirt-it's a girl's shirt. If I wear it, I'll have to be a girl." Jacob

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fails to show gender consistency.

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In a study about the settings in which men and women were most likely to experience violence, men were most likely to be involved in violence _______, and women were most likely to experience violence ________.

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in public places . . . . in domestic settings

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Movies suggest that bad men can be changed by the love of a good woman. Research suggests that

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bad men are dangerous to the women who love them

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When men are primary caregivers for young children, these men

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derive similar frustrations and fulfillment from the experience as women do

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In addition to exhibiting dissatisfaction with his or her biological sex, children with gender identity disorder must

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want to be the other sex

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Gender role behaviors of cartoon characters

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have changed little for male characters but have become less gender stereotypical for female characters

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Which men have an increased likelihood of committing rape?

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Men who feel hostility toward women and who feel entitled to sex

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What factor relates to aggression in both girls and boys in elementary school?

answer

preference for violent television

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Flexibility in the application of gender stereotypes

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becomes more common during early adulthood

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Longitudinal studies of marital stability have shown that some behaviors predict separation. These behaviors include wives who are

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overly agreeable and husbands who are emotionally withdrawn

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The effects of stereotype threat for women and math can be nullified by

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the suggestion that women and men do equally well on this test

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Horney suggested that men envy

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women's ability to have children

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When children become adults, family members may become their friends. Such friendships are most likely to occur between

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mothers and daughters

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The existence of cross-gender friendships suggests that

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both women and men have the ability to use the style of friendship typical of the other

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Which gender difference applies to the development of gender identity?

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Boys experience more severe socialization pressure than girls

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When people evaluate a women who has an occupation that is not typical of women, such as construction worker, they tend to believe that she

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is gender atypical in other ways, too

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Gender stereotypes differ from gender roles

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in the inclusion of attitudes and beliefs about masculinity and femininity in gender stereotypes.

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Women's tendency to express fear and sadness and men's tendency to express anger can be explained by

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differences in display rules for men and women

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By questioning young children about their experience of anger and aggression, researchers found

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few gender differences

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Gender stereotypes result in people holding oversimplified and inaccurate views of men and women

answer

but stereotypes are a convenient way to streamline cognitive processing

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By comparing administrations of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale from the 1970s to the 1990s, researchers found that

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students were more biased in the 1970s and most egalitarian in the 1990s

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During the 19th century, changes in society forced men into the work force outside the family and resulted in increased pressure for men to

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be a good provider for their families

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Chodorow hypothesized a different course in personality development for boys and girls because

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most children have a female caregiver, which provides the basis for a different relationship with girls than boys

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In terms of family interactions, the most sharply gendered activities are usually

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household chores

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Mothers and fathers

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are not equally influential in developing traditional gender roles-fathers are more influential

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When comparing men and women as the targets of gender stereotyping

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men may be the targets of more stringent gender stereotyping than women

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When monkeys deprived of contact with other monkeys, including normal mothering, became mothers themselves

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they are negligent and abusive mothers

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Girls' and women's friendships tend to be based on __________, and boys' and men's friendships tend to be based on __________.

answer

emotional intimacy . . . . shared activities

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What type of gender-related knowledge do children possess at age 9 months to one year old?

answer

the ability to distinguish female from male faces

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Psychoanalytic theory holds that personality development occurs through a series of _________ stages, which are _________ determined

answer

psychosexual . . . biologically

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The commonality in men who have resolved their Oedipus complex and women who have resolved their Antigone complex is their

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ability to relate to each other as individuals

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Parents who hold traditional attitudes about gender roles tend to have children who

answer

have traditional attitudes concerning gender roles

question

A 5-year-old girl who protested wearing dresses and preferred football to Barbies would probably

answer

have fewer problems with parents or peers than a boy who expresses crossgender preferences

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