question

the accuracy of cladograms depends on the correct choice of ______

answer

derived traits

question

information mostly from what discipline favored the formation of a three-domain system of classification?

answer

comparative biochemistry

question

in constructing a cladogram relating sharks, crocodiles, mammals, and birds, the reference point may be _______

answer

lampreys

question

the skull of a chimpanzee and human are most closely related as ________

answer

infants

question

the 18th century naturalist _______ devised a much simpler naming system that we still use

answer

Carolus Linnaeus

question

the bones in the forelimbs of an animal ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

answer

can often be traced to a common ancestor

question

the fact that many vertebrate embryos are more similar to one another than their respective adult stages are to one another ultimately be due to _____

answer

genes

question

a mutation in the Apetala1 gene, in Brassica oleracea plants (wild cabbage), results in mutated flowers that ___ ____ ____ _____

answer

have multiple male parts

question

the study of comparative embryology reveals the conservative nature of the genes responsible for ____ ____

answer

embryonic development

question

the traditional evolutionary diagrams are in the form of a ____

answer

tree

question

branching pattern of speciation

answer

cladogenesis

question

encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

answer

species

question

prevents gene flow between populations

answer

isolating mechanism

question

a population occupying the same home range undergoes reproductive isolation

answer

sympatric speciation

question

inheritance of three or more sets of chromosomes

answer

polyploidy

question

morphological changes compressed into brief periods followed by speciation

answer

punctuation model

question

catastrophic, global loss of species

answer

mass extinction

question

geographic separation of two populations accompanied by gradual speciation

answer

allopatric speciation

question

a burst of microevolutionary activity within a lineage

answer

adaptive radiation

question

erodes species cohesion

answer

genetic drift

question

original source of alleles

answer

mutation

question

preserves species cohesion

answer

gene flow

question

preserves or erodes species cohesion depending on environmental pressures

answer

natural selection

question

results from differential survival and reproduction

answer

natural selection

question

the use of comparative morphology as a demonstration of evolution can compare ____ structures with _____ structures to show ______

answer

embryonic adult relationships

question

stability has prevailed in all but ___ percent of the lineages of organisms

answer

1

question

the variation in the forms of adult vertebrates probably arose through mutations in ___ genes

answer

regulatory

question

the "out group" in constructing a cladogram has the ____ derived trait(s) when compared to the other organisms.

answer

fewest

question

body appendages as diverse as crab legs, beetle legs, sea star arms, butterfly wings, fish fins, and mouse feet start out as ____ ___ _____ ____ ____ _____ ____

answer

clusters of cells in the limb buds

question

the Dlx gene encodes a transcription factor that signals clusters of embryonic cells to ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

answer

"stick out from the body"

question

the master gene Hox helps to sculpt the body plan of embryos by ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

answer

inhibiting the Dlx gene to prevent extra limbs

question

phylogenetic systems of classification attempt to reflect ____ relationships among species

answer

evolutionary

question

over time, in response to different selection pressures on the various islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago, populations of finches evolved different _____, producing the various families of Hawaiian honeycreepers

answer

traits

question

____ ____ is the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms

answer

comparative morphology

question

what feature of the island of Hawaii, after its formation, most spurred the rapid speciation of colonizing bids?

answer

lack of competitors

question

suppose that you have a population of guinea pigs in which two-thirds of the alleles for coat color specify black, and one-third specify white. according to the Hardy-Weinberg rule, what will be the ratio of these alleles in the gene pool in future generations, provided all the guinea pigs reproduce?

answer

2:1

question

the decline in the frequency of the sickle-cell anemia allele in the American population is the result of a ___ _____ ____ ______ _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ ____

answer

decline in the occurrence of malaria in the United States

question

complete reproductive isolation is evidence that what has occurred?

answer

speciation

question

although there are as many starlings in North America as there are in Europe, genetic variability in the North American population is reduced relative to that in Europe because the ____ ____ ____ ______ _______ _____ ____ ____ _____ ____

answer

North American population is derived from a small founder population

question

the ways that gene flow is blocked between populations

answer

reproductive isolating mechanisms

question

two individuals are members of the same species if they ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ____

answer

can mate and produce fertile offspring

question

the evolutionary force that operates primarily through chance is ___ _____

answer

genetic drift

question

the situation in which an embryo produced as a result of a mating between individuals of different species is incompatible with the mother and is subsequently aborted is an example of _____ _____

answer

hybrid inviability

question

"seasonal", "daily", and "monthly" all describe what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

answer

temporal

question

new alleles arise by _____

answer

mutation

question

if the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent?

answer

40

question

introduction of previously nonexistent genes into a population may be accomplished by _____

answer

mutation

question

in the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the term q2 refers to the frequency of ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ ____ ____ ____

answer

the homozygous recessive genotype at a given locus

question

what can result in speciation within a few generations?

answer

polyploidy

question

the Hardy-Weinberg formula is valuable for the calculation of changes in ___ ____

answer

allele frequencies

question

the persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in the African population is the result of the advantage of the _____ form over the _____ form

answer

heterozygous homozygous

question

divergence may lead to ____

answer

speciation

question

in a certain bird species, clutch size (the number of eggs laid by a female at one time) ranges from 4 to 8, the most frequent clutch size is 6. this phenomenon is an example of ____ ____

answer

stabilizing selection

question

what feature of the island of Hawaii, after its formation, most spurred the rapid speciation of colonizing birds?

answer

lack of competitors

question

the _____ ______ is useful in determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving

answer

hardy-weinberg rule

question

if you sampled the genetic characteristics of a large population and found that the 50 loci analyzed there is very little, if any, variation, the most likely explanation is that a ______ ____ may have occurred in the past to reduce the variability in the population

answer

bottleneck effect

question

the sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a sever epidemic is an example of the _____ _____

answer

bottleneck effect

question

what aspect of a population is critical in determining a species in Ernst Mayer's "biological species concept"?

answer

capability to interbreed

question

the inability of bees to pollenate the flowers of certain sage plants is an example of _____ ____

answer

mechanical isolation

question

sympatric speciation through polyploidy is a frequent phenomenon in ____

answer

plants

question

______ ______ occurs most often near a common border between two home ranges

answer

parapatric speciation

question

polyploid species are least common in _____

answer

mammals

question

balanced polymorphism is a type of _____ ____

answer

stabilizing selection

question

when a population goes through a bottleneck, ______ ____ is likely to occur

answer

genetic drift

question

the evolutionary force that operates primarily through chance is _____ ____

answer

genetic drift

question

hybridization of closely related plant species by doubling the chromosome number always results in _____

answer

allopolyploids

question

_____ occurs after population become reproductively isolated and diverge

answer

speciation

question

allopatric speciation is most commonly caused by ___ ____

answer

geographical distance

question

______ _____ occurs when the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme

answer

directional selection

question

the impact of natural selection is demonstrated by ______ ____, ___ ___, and _____ ____

answer

directional selection stabilizing selection disruptive selection

question

the border across which genes can flow between two population is called the ____ ___

answer

contact zone

question

allopatric speciation requires ____ ____

answer

physical separation

question

Rita Covas and colleagues found evidence of stabilizing selection in African sociable weaver birds. their field studies indicate that _____ birds are more likely to starve.

answer

lean

question

for most species that exhibit sexual dimorphism the selection of a mate is the responsibility of the _____

answer

female

question

autopolyploids contain _____ the number of parental chromosomes and are usually artificially produced through the application of _____

answer

double colchicine

question

_____ _____ occurs within the home range

answer

sympatric speciation

question

Members of two different bird species mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. Members of neither parent species recognize the courtship song of the hybrids. the hybrids are subject to _____ ____

answer

behavioral isolation

question

the word "evolution" as used in biology literally means ____ ____

answer

heritable change

question

in _____ ____ the most common type of organisms survive and reproduce

answer

stabilizing selection

question

the word "species" is Latin for ____

answer

kind

question

immigration of individuals into a population in Hard-Weinberg equilibrium will NOT after the equilibrium after if they are _____ _____ ___ ____ ______

answer

beyond the age of reproduction

question

complete reproductive isolation is evidence that what has occured?

answer

speciation

question

introduction of previously nonexistent genes into a population may be accomplished by _______

answer

mutations

question

the geologic time scale is subdivided on the basis of ___ __ ____ ____

answer

periods of mass extinction

question

the great Chain of Being developed from ideas written many centuries earlier by _____

answer

Aristotle

question

the evidence that suggests that a whale is related to sheep is due to which skeletal structure?

answer

ankle

question

fossils found in the lowest geological strata are generally the most _____

answer

primitive

question

there is NO convincing fossil evidence for ______

answer

catastrophism

question

the forelimbs of early mammals are similar in all features EXCEPT

answer

function

question

natural selection operates to produce changes in _____

answer

populations

question

Darwin's finches are found on the ____ islands

answer

Galapagos

question

Darwin's mentor, who obtained a position on H.M.S. Beagle for Darwin, was ____ ____

answer

John Henslow

question

the time it takes for half of radioisotope's atoms to decay is its ________

answer

half-life

question

the study of the distribution of animals and plants around the world is ______

answer

biogeography

question

the large, ancient land mass that contained all the continents is called _______

answer

Pangea

question

the theory of ___________ held that after a series of massive extinctions the world was repopulated by the survivors of existing species

answer

catastrophism

question

______ ______ theory is based on observations tat the sea floor is slowly spreading away from oceanic ridges due to thermal convection in the mantle

answer

plate tectonic

GBIO 107 – 07 – Flashcards

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