FW 260 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Which term is associated with this definition: "manipulation of populations and habitat to achieve desired goals by people"
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wildlife management
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What federal agency administers NEPA and reviews Environmental Impact Statements filed by other federal agencies?
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Environmental Protection Agency
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Wildlife management goals are scientific statements and thus should not include value judgments
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false
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In the sage grouse video we watched in class, scientists contend that a long-term ecosystem-based approach to sage grouse management is inadequate, and that more immediate efforts - focused on single-species needs of sage grouse specifically - are necessary to prevent their pending listing under the Endangered Species Act. TRUE or FALSE
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false
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Type of population growth where per capita multiplication rate is density independent
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exponential
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John Muir
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Founder of preservation ethic- "romantic transcendental"
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Gifford Pinchot
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Resource conservation ethic- effort of maintaining and using natural resources wisely
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Aldo Leopold
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"father of wildlife management" land ethic golden rule
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Conservation biology
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the applied science of maintaining earths biodiversity
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traditional wildlife definition
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free-ranging, non-domesticated terrestrial and semi-aquatic vertebrates in their natural associated environments
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Wildlife def to use (Krausman)
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free-ranging undomesticated animals in natural environment
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Game animal
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harvested for sport or subsistence
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Non Game
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wildlife not subjected to harvest regulations
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differences between fish and wildlife?
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fish live in H2O, No eyelids
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biota
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all living organisms including flora and fauna
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habitat
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resources and conditions in that area, including survival and reproduction by a given organism
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Human resource
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consumptive and nonconsumptive users of resources
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consumptive use
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use of resources that involve removal
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nonconsumptive use
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use of resources without removing them
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the 1st textbook written on game management was
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aldo leopold
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the 1st book on fishery management was written by
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Carl Hubbs
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Wildlife management
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manipulation of populations or habitats to achieve desired goals by people
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Sources of wildlife funding
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Federal or state appropriations User pay (license sale, excise tax, stamps) Private sector
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User pay
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License sales most important source of funding for CO
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Federal Aid in wildlife restoration act aka
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Pittman-Robertson Act (excise tax)
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Federal aid in sport fish Restoration Act aka
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Dingell-Johnson Act (excise tax)
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Taxes
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USFWS recieves $ and distributes to states in 3:1 match
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Duck Stamp Act
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-98% of funds for wetland protection -meant not only for hunters but for people who collect/use stamps
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Private Sector
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-nongame funding problem where only 20% protected
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North American Model
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account of the conservation movement evolution over 150 years, with emphasis on hunters & anglers
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Seven sisters
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1) hold wildlife in public trust 2) eliminate commerce in dead wildlife 3) allocate wildlife for use through law 4) kill wildlife for legitimate reasons only 5) manage wildlife as an international resource 6) make science basis for wildlife policy 7) provide hunting opportunity for all citizens
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CPW
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Colorado Parks & Wildlife
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USGS is the federal agency that administers funds from the Act, ensuring that projects are consistent w the purposes of the Act.. T or F
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False
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The "General Fund" are an important funding source to support wildlife management in the state of Colorado
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False
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TWS
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The Wildlife Society
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Federal Agencies
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-USDA -Department of interior -Environmental Protection Agency -Commerce -Defense
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USDA
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-Department of agriculture -Founded by Gifford Pinchot -APHIS -NWRC -NRCS
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Animal and Plant health Inspection Service
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(APHIS) -formerly animal damage control
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National Wildlife Research Center
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(NWRC) -research arm of wildlife services
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National Resources Conservation Service
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(NRCS) -Soil Conservation Service (SCS) -Assists with habitat development on public lands
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Department of Interior contains
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-US Fish and Wildlife Service -NPS -US Geological Survey (USGS) -Bureau of Land Management (BLM) -Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) -Bureau of reformation -EPA (?)
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Department of commerce contains
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NMFS
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Department of Defense contains
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Army Corps
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US Fish and Wildlife service
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-conservation of migratory birds, certain mammals, and sport fish -manages fish hatcheries
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National Park Services
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(NPS) -John Muir - Manage Wildlife within national parks and monuments
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US Geological Survey
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(USGS) provides scientific understanding and technologies to support management and conservation of Nation's biological resources - Biological Resource Division (BRD)
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Bureau of Land Management
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(BLM) -primarily in western states -supervises: wildlife, grazing, mining, timber, recreation
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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(BIA) -Native American Lands -Resource management: wildlife, grazing, mining, recreation, timber, water
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Bureau of Reclamation
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-Water Development -Western States -Fish and wildlife management considered in reclamation projects
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Environmental Protection Agency
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-Administers NEPA -Pollution control and monitoring -Establishes and enforces laws
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National Marine Fisheries Service
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(NMFS) -research and management of marine fish, mammals and invertebrates -NOAA
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Laws
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1) Lacey Act 2) Migratory Bird Treaty Act 3) Black Bass Act 4) Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act 5) Taylor Grazing Act 6) Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act 7) Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act 8) Wilderness Act ( 1964) 9) National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 10) Endangered Species Act 11) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 12) National Forest Management Act
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Lacey Act
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Prohibited shipment, transport and commerce of wildlife taken or possessed in violation of state, federal or foreign laws
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Migratory Bird Treaty Act
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-defined migratory birds -prohibited sale of game birds -daily bag limits
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Black Bass Act
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-Lacey Act for fish -Protected black bass -all game fish
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Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act
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-duck stamp act -purchase/conserve waterfowl habitat -NWR
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Taylor Grazing Act
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Bureau of Land Management (BLM) -grazing districts -cooperation between wildlife and range state agencies
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Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act
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Pittman Robertson Act
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Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act
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Dingle Johnson Act
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Wilderness Act
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-No cars, no roads -conforming activities ok: hunting, fishing, camping - pre-existing use may continue
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National Environmental Policy Act
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-Required for "federal activities significantly affecting quality of human environment" • EA - Environmental Assessment - FONSI - Finding of No Significant Impact • EIS - Environmental Impact Statement - Purpose of action - Environmental impact - Alternatives
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Endangered Species Act
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implimented to protect endangered species in their native habitats and to form teams for plans of recovery
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
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(CITES) -protection for endangered species -3 lists 1) species endangered by trade 2)species that may or may not be threatened by trade 3) species that should be regulated in trade
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National Forests Management Act
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multiple-use planning and management of timber on federal lands
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1st phase of management
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determine goals
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Technical Judgements
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how to best achieve goals ex: goal= prevent elimination of declining acacia trees technical judgement= culling of elephants will prevent elimination of acacia value judgement= local survival of acacia justifies the proposed reduction of elephants
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Single Species Management
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Indicator species, umbrella species, flagship species, highly interactive species, keystone species, foundation species
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Indicator Species
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Species who status provides information on certain environmental conditions, seral stages, or treatments
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Ecosystem Management
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Integrates the ecological, sociological and institutional perspectives aka all stake holders
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Umbrella Species
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species with large home ranges and broad habitat requirements such that protecting it will save many other species
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Flagship species
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charismatic species that wins public support for conservation
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Highly interactive species
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a species whos absence leads to significant changes in some feature of its ecosystem
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Keystone sp
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species that play a critical ecological role that are of greater importance that predicted based on their abundance
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Foundation Species
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highly interactive sp that are often extremely abundant or ecologically dominant ex: deer, trees, bison
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Ecological persepective
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biotic and abiotic factors
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Socioeconomic perspective
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stake holders, values, issues
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Institutional perspective
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Laws and mandates, staffing and funding
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Hierarchical context
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-"big picture" thinking -multidimensional, interdependent
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Ecological boundaries
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define common problems and boundaries of concern
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Ecological Integrity
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-Native species and ecosystems -ecological processes -accommodate human use
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Data collections
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scientific data collection and also non biological data
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Monitoring
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testing data against management activities and experiments
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Interagency cooperation
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-competition often characterizes interactions -share in defining problem -share power
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Humans embedded in nature
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"citizen members"
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Adaptive management
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-the scientific basis for EM -the process of implementing a policy decision incrementally, so that changes can be made if the desired results are not being achieved
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Organizational Changes
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-Diverse institutional structures must change -producing resources-; protecting sources
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Adaptive management steps
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Plan, act, monitor, evaluate
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Values
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-human dimensions -resource management decisions -
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10 themes of Ecosystem Management
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1) Hierarchical context 2) Ecological Boundaries 3) Ecological integrity 4) Data Collection 5) Monitoring 6) Interagency Cooperation 7) Humans embedded in nature 8) Adaptive Management 9) Organizational change 10) Values
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Ecosystem services
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conditions and processes through which ecosystems and their constituent species sustain and fulfill human life
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Process uncertainty
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natural variation in ecological systems, the environmental "noise" not explained by model
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Observation uncertainty
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sampling or measurement error
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Standard cost-benefit analysis
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burden of proof -; conservationist
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Precautionary principle
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burden of proof -; developer
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Population
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a group of organisms of a single species that interact and interbreed in a common place
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Abundance
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the number of individuals or number of individuals per unit area
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Density Distribution
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spread or scatter
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Composition is made up of two factors
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sex ratio and age structure
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Age-structure
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the relative proportions of various age groups in a population
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BIDE factors
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birth, immigration, death, emmigration
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closed populations
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where there is no immigration or emmigration
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Fecundity
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actual number of organisms produced
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Recruitment
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increment of new individuals added to a wildlife population by natural reproduction, immigration or stocking
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Finite Rate
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discrete intervals (lamda)
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instantaneous rate
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r-ln(lamda)
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lamda=
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e^r
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exponential growth is density dependent or independent growth?
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independent
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Instantaneous rate
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time interval very short (continuous)
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differential equation
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dn/dt=Nr
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recursion equation
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Nt=N0e^rt
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How to find r
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r=ln(lamda)
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doubling time
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t=ln(2)/r
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Social-Ecological Systems
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How wildlife and its activities interact with humans and their activities that lead to human-wildlife conflicts
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Acceptance capacity
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maximum wildlife populations that is acceptable to the public and is used to asses wildlife management options.
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What leads to acceptance capacity
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the psychological model and the impacts model
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