Fungi – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Symbiosis |
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| Close association between two different types of organisms |
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| Mutualism |
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| Relationship in which members of two different species benefit and neither suffers from association |
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| Commensalism |
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| Relationship in which one species gains some benefit while the other species has no advantage |
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| Saprobes, Saprobic, Saphrobic |
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| term for organism that feeds on dead organic matter; most of fungi are saprobic |
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| Parasitism |
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| One species of the association benefits while the other is harmed |
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| Mitochondria |
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| with flattened cristae; oomycetes have mitochondria with chloroplasts |
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| retronemes |
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| hollow tube hairs on the ends of flagella on oomycetes |
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| oomycetes |
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| are fungi with small "f" but because of retronemes and they have ameboid pseudopodial stage; they are also social like protozoa; heterotrophic |
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| achlorophyllous |
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| cannot photosynthesize |
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| yeasts |
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| encapsulated and unicellular |
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| molds |
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| filamentous and multicellular |
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| cell wall |
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| chitin & beta-glucans; chlorophytes and other fungus-like but not Fungi orgs have cellulose |
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| osmotrophic |
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| absorptive - because of chitin in cell wall, cannot phagocytize; plants are photosynthetic, animals are phagotrophic |
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| How are fungi main players? |
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| they are the main contributors of carbon to terrestrial environment. w/o Carbon, it would be 100 years left of photosynthesis |
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| Four Fungi Phylum (based on reproduction stage) |
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| Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Chytridiomycetes |
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| facultative lifecycle |
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| The fungi is directed by the environment - choose best mode for survival; bad environment would direct sexual; good environment would direct asexual. Both stages morphologically distinct. |
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| Eukaryote Phylogeny |
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| Fungi still eukaryote but because they live w/i host & absorb nutrients, they are Fungi Kingdom. |
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| Radical Invention |
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| Cavelier-Smith found that Fungi have chitinous cell wall and absorb nutrients. Originally thought they were pre-ancestral flagellates that phagocytized w/ loricae made of chitin. |
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| Translocation |
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| allows for searching of nutrients in other areas if current environment lacking; filaments are very robust (unlike bacteria); can go through substrate. |
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| Chemotropism |
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| one-sided attraction to food source (no gradient like chemotaxis) |
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| Zygomycota |
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| Zygomycetes (derived from Chytrids) Coenocytic hyphae with septa only where reproductive cells are formed; form asexual sporangiospores; Zygosporangium is one big structure, like a sac, holding zygospores |
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| Ascomycota |
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| Ascomycetes; sac fungi; septic hyphae in mycelium; asexual reproduction leads to formation of conidiospores; ascospores on inside of sac but outside of fungi; even number of spores because meiosis; sexual & asexual (holomorphs) |
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| Basidiomycota |
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| Basidiomycetes; Have a basidium & basidiospores; spores on outside; sexual & asexual (holomorphs) |
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| Chytridiomycota |
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| Oldest known fungi; "chytrids"; zoospores; flagella w/o retronemes |
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| Ascus |
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| saclike reproductive structure |
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| Basidium |
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| reproductive structure on which sexual spores are produced after hyphal fusion; spores don't mature inside mushroom - they do it outside in the gills |
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| Chytridiomycetes |
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| "Chytrids"; only fungi w/ flagella but no retronemes |
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| Deuteromycetes |
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| anamorphic because no known sexual stage; might never have had it or lost it along the way; "mitosporic fungi" |
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| Mitosporic fungi |
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| deuteromycetes - no known sexual stage; asexual state; parasexuality; some of most frequently encountered fungi; ascomycetes ; basidiomycetes; produce conidia - identified by development, morphology ; conidiogenous cell ; conidia |
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| Zoospores |
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| oomycetes, not true Fungi; zoospores allow them to live in wet environment; fungi with small "f" |
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| Mycetozoans |
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| fungi-like protozoans that are motile; only resemble fungus in morphology Acellular slime molds: like separated slugs; form structures to protect selves when nutrients limited; were myxomycetes; one big cell w/ millions of nuclei cellular slime molds: amoeba joined together to form one signal to sporylate protozoa |
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| Thallophytes |
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| plants w/o stems, roots or leaves; very filamentous and simple (like algae) |
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| Thallus |
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| vegetative body of thallophyte; used to designate somatic organization of fungus |
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| Hyphae |
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| long branched filaments used by mold |
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| Mycelium |
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| thick mass of intertwined hyphae |
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| Mycoses |
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| term for diseases caused by fungi |
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| Haustoria |
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| plant-pathogenic specialized hyphae that invade plant cell walls |
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| Septic Hyphae |
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| Basidiomycetes ; Ascomycetes; have crosswalls; control of water balance so live in dry conditions. 2-4 microns |
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| Aseptic Hyphae |
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| Zygomycetes; no crosswalls; no control of water balance; live in damp conditions bcz of lack of water control; Can be up to 10 microns |
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| mycology |
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| study of fungi |
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| dimorphic |
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| alternate between unicellular and multicellular |
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| Zygomycetes |
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| Aseptate hyphae; sexual cycle |
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| Rhizomorph |
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| go on path of least resistance in search of nutrients; can spread out through substrate to look for food; macroscopic - mushroom like |
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| Stroma |
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| protection to spore-producing part of fungi; balled up mycelium (tissue) to elevate fungi to spread spores better; macroscopic; only part of fungi that can be grown in lab with right conditions (cannot do plants/animals) |
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| Microfungi |
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| Requires microscope to view; Molds ; Yeast |
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| Macrofungi |
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| Mushrooms, toadstools, basidiomycetes ; ascomycetes; visible to naked eye |
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| Meiosis |
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| sexual stage |
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| Mitosis |
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| asexual stage - form asexual spores |
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| Sexual Stage |
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| Teleomorph ; Perfect Stage; can be used for protection ; survival. Only one stage |
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| Asexual Stage |
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| Anamorph ; Imperfect Stage; zillions of spores can be released. This classification is used in biomedical mycology; can have several dozen asexual stages but still same organism. |
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| Pleomorphic |
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| fungi can switch between sexual and asexual stages based on the need and environment; morphologically different and occur at different times and places (rarely at same time); one species can form several types of spores |
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| Nomenclature problems |
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| Because fungi doesn't have 1 specific sexual state; cannot determine naming convention |
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| Holomorph |
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| Whole fungus - sexual & asexual states |
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| Teleomorph |
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| sexual state "perfect state" |
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| Anamorph |
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| asexual state "imperfect state"; also mitosporic state |
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| Plasmogamy |
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| union of two protoplasts |
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| Karyogamy |
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| fusion of two nuclei --> diploid stage |
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| Dikaryotic Stage |
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| two cells that have fused with their own nuclei to create one cell with two nuclei |
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| Haploid Restoration |
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| meiosis occurs after reproduction stages to restore haploid stage |
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| Nuclear Cycle |
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| haploid or diploid |
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| Parasexuality |
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| Heterokaryosis; expression of multiple phenotypes; a lot of asexual fungi can have this (plasmogamy); appearance of sexuality - rearranged phenotype Expression of different types of nuclei at same time w/i mycelium mass |
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| Ascocarp |
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| fungal structure of tissue; naked asci; Cleistothecia is closed, hollow sphere Perithecia: flask-like Apothecia: cup or disk-like with stalk |
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| Basidiocarps |
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| spores are released from gills under caps; these can be very lethal to small animals colors of spores can determine species and genera (white, lilac, pink, black, etc); dead air w/i crevices where spores stored until released by wind, water, etc |
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| Zygosporangia |
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| Red ball structures with zygospores inside two mating types (+, -) with suspensors that are held up by stalks; they come together and reproduce |
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| Zygosporangia Suspensors |
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| depending on stage or situation, suspensors can have different morphologies |
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| Conidia |
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| asexual spores from mitosporic fungi (conidium singular); almost always ascomycetes or basidiomycetes; long chains allow for conidia to be dispersed by wind; hyphae are under surface medium or host |
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| Hyphomycetes |
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| Mitosporic fungi; most common; conidia produced on exposed conidiophores |
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| Agonomycetes |
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| Mitosporic fungi; mycelial forms that are sterile but produce differentiated vegetative structures; cannot germinate or produce spores so unidentified; not morphologically distinct; 2 types: chlamydospores, sclerotia |
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| chlamydospores |
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| large, round cell w/ thick wall; survival stage w/o sexual stage |
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| sclerotia |
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| dense, compact masses of hyphae & mycelium that survive in very low temps and are hard, dark pigmented structure; some form on wheat w/ alkaloids |
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| Coelomycetes |
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| Mitosporic fungi; produce conidia in conidiomata; mainly in plants, plant pathogens; spores not out in open; plant-related saprotrophs |
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| Conidiomata |
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| asexual cavities w/ conidiospores lining w/i; not out in open; grow on plants or plants on dead wood |
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| Aerial Hyphae |
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| part of hyphae on conidiophore that is above substrate or surface and extends up to allow better spreading of conidia (spores) |
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| Chytridiomycotina |
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| Have zoospores (motile); single flagella; zygote as resting spore resembles zygomycetes; in moist environment - aquatic or terrestrial; saprotrophs or parasites; coencytic thallus |
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| Fungal Physiology Characteristics |
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| Chemoorganotrophs; osmotrophic; parasites use exoenzymes to attack & break down substrates & also help metabolize |
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| Exoenzymes |
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| used to attack & break down substrate when cannot get things into cell wall; yeast does not need because they reside in rotting foods with simple sugars that quickly absorb |
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| Primary Metabolite |
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| compound with known metabolic function |
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| Secondary Metabolite |
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| compound w/o known function; most medically necessary things from secondary; growth stopped but can still produce compounds for medical or industrial purposes |
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| Major Secondary Metabolites |
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| Terpenes, Carotenoids, Steroids, Antibiotics |
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| Secondary Metabolism |
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| Waste products, reserve storage food, safety-valve shunts, specialized functions: chelators, hormones, antibiotics; carbon-nitrogen ratio can be balanced out with this |
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| Fungal Ecology |
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| Major moderators of carbon cycle; have to degrade lignin to get to cellulose (more complex) so CO2 can be released; most organisms cannot break lignin; brown wood rotting fungi |
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| Lignin |
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| protects polysaccharides from enzymatic digestion; oxidative process; not primary carbon source |
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| Cellulose |
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| Complex; needed for primary carbon source |
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| Lichen |
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| association of fungus and algae - two organisms intertwined to form what looks like individual organism; fungus responsible for nutrients, algae has photosynthesis and returns other nutrients to fungus |
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| Mycorrhiza, Mycorrhizae |
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| association between hyphae of certain fungi & absorptive organs of plants; spread out into substrate or soil & bring in nutrients; fungus makes plants more competitive; 30% of plants have association |
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| Pioneer Organisms |
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| Lichens; can live where others cannot; they start process of soil formation & produce acids that decompose minerals of rocks, allow for other organisms can come in; has maculae, medulla, upper/lower cortex, algal layer, rhizine |
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| Lichen |
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| always fungi & algae |
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| Metabolism |
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| primary or secondary metabolites |
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| primary metabolites |
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| known function = biproducts that are made and can be used for later chemical functions |
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| secondary metabolites |
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| no known function = waste products not needed but can be used by other organisms (antibiotics, steroids) |
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| Why are exoenzymes needed? |
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| from outside cell to help fungi absorb nutrients |
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| microalgae |
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| thallophyte |
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| vegetative state of fungi |
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| thallus |
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| phylogenetically heterogenous but similar in characteristics |
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| oomycetes & mycomycetes |
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| one-sided attraction to nutrients |
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| chemotropism |
