Fundamentals Of Oral Communication Final – Flashcards

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Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Adapt to the communication circumstances and setting.
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Context
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The textbook defines communication as the process of using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, and channels. Which term in this definition refers to where, when, with whom, and under what circumstances you communicate?
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Context
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According to your textbook, you listen to the equivalent of a book a day, you speak about a book a week, you read the equivalent of a book a month, and you write a book
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Every year
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A study by the Business-Higher Education Forum listed strong___________ as the most important skill area for college students preparing for a career.
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Oral Communication Skills
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You generate meaning when you
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Speak; write; create visual images; listen, read, react to messages. All of the above.
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Your textbook presents seven basic elements of human communication. The first elements on that list is
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Self
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The Guiding Principles of Human Communication
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focus on strategies that describe how to communicate and why certain communication strategies succeed or fail.
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Which element of human communication is expressed in the axiom "Communication is symbolic"?
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Content
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Josh realizes that his presentation to a group of young men at a juvenile detention center will be difficult. He decides that they are more likely to take his advice if he shares past experiences from his own juvenile run-ins with the law. What element of communication has Josh taken into account as he prepares his talk?
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Others
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What axiom does the Guiding Principle "Organize message content" address?
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Communication is structured.
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Sidney tells his wife his attempt to repair the lamp he broke has failed and that it will have to be trashed. His wife says "thanks a lot." Sid knows that his wife is not pleased. Which communication axiom is illustrated in this scene?
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Communication is symbolic.
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The communication element expression asks
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Which channels are most appropriate given your purpose and content? What skills will improve your ability to deliver your message? How effectively do you convey and listen to verbal and nonverbal messages? How can practice help you prepare to communicate effectively? All of the above.
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Kentry knows that he is respected and trusted by his friends. Thus, he feels confident that he can get them to change their mind about going downtown after midnight. What is the primary communication element operating in this scenario?
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Self
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The question "What do you want others to know, think, believe, or feel as a result of communicating with them" is answered by addressing the communication element of
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Purpose
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The psychosocial context of communication includes
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The cultural environment in which you live.
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The logistical context of communication refers to
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the time, place, setting, and occasion in which you will interact with others.
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According to your textbook, _____________ communication refers to the interaction of three or more interdependent people who interact for the purpose of achieving a common goal.
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Group
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You are driving down the highway and want to stop for a bite of lunch. On the horizon you see golden arches and a sign that reads "McDonalds." You are reacting to the axiom that communication is
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Symbolic
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Linear models of communication
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function in only one direction: a source creates a message and sends it through a channel to reach a receiver
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Fred wants to let his girlfriend Wilma know how much he loves her but he can't decide whether he should send her flower, take her to dinner, or send her a love letter. Fred is wrestling with a decision about
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Channel
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A corporate CEO relates that when he fumbled his way through a speech and started to ramble, he noticed that he was losing listeners and then became even more unnerved. The CEO was reacting to
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Feedback
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Randy watches the Super Bowl game with his friends at a neighborhood party. Lucky Levar has tickets and goes to the game. When they see each other the next day, Randy complains that it was "no contest" while Levar thinks the game was thrilling. What is the most likely communication-related reason Randy and Levar experienced the game differently?
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They received the game through different channels
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If you are thinking about your upcoming vacation plans rather than listening carefully to your friend's problem, you are preoccupied by
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Internal noise
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The encoding process can be described as
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the decision-making process by which you create messages that generate meaning
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As you are making a presentation you notice that audience members are scowling and talking to one another as you speak. What component of the communication process are you noticing?
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Feedback
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Statements that explain or predict how people communicate are
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Theories
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In Latin, the word credo means
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I believe
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Theories answer why; strategies answer what; skills answer how; and ethics answers ______________ questions.
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Whether
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Aristotle's "doctrine of the mean" suggests that when you face an ethical decision, you should
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select an appropriate response somewhere between two extremes
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In applying the seven elements of human communication to the NCA Ethics Credo, what actions would be called for when considering the ethics of content?
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Use valid information and opinions to support your ideas. Respect privacy and confidentiality
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Which principle in the NCA Credo for Ethical Communication is violated if a close friend shares your most intimate secrets with people you don't know or like.
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We advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality
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In the textbook's definition of communication, the term contexts refers to the predominant characteristics, attitudes, and behavior of the communicators.
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False
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Intellectual communication refers to how you analyze and appropriately respond to pubic and mediated messages
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False
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Intellectual communication refers to how you analyze and evaluate the meaning of multiple and complex messages in an ever-changing world.
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True
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Axioms are self-evident or universally recognized truths or beliefs.
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True
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The axiom "Communication is Intentional" is represented by the basic element of Self.
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False
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The axiom "Communication is Relational" is represented by the basic element of Others.
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True
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Guiding principles answer questions about how to communicate and why certain communication strategies succeed or fail.
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True
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When you're not fully conscious of your intentions, your communication does not generate any meaning to others.
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False
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A process is a set of constantly changing actions, elements, and functions that bring about a result.
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True
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Given the textbook's definition of culture, a rancher from Texas and a microbiologist from Massachusetts can come from different cultures
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True
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Intrapersonal communication refers to the way in which you communicate within your self about your self to your self.
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True
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According to the textbook, there are three types of communication contexts to consider: psychological, structural, and temporal.
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False
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Mediated communication refers to any communication in which some "thing" exists between communicators. Mass communication is mediated communication between a person and a large, often unknown audience.
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True
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Generally, there are two sources of noise: external and internal.
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True
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Encoding is the decision making process by which you create messages that evoke meaning.
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True
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A soft speaking voice can create noise in a communication transaction.
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True
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Decoding is the decision-making process by which you create and send messages that generate meaning.
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False
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Transactional communication models recognize that we send and receive messages simultaneously.
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True
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Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Effective People, states that a genuine habit requires knowledge, skills, and desire
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True
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The ethical guiding principles recommends promoting a climate of caring and mutual understanding the element of context in human communication.
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False
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Which of the seven elements and guiding principles of human communication reflects your ability to develop messages that communicate confidence and a positive personal impression?
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Content
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Three major components of intrapersonal communication include
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Perception, self-concept, and confidence
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Which answer best explains why Valerie liked the film The DaVinci Code while Vincent disliked it?
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Valerie and Vincent have different perceptions.
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If Emma daydreams while her instructor is lecturing, what stage has she skipped in the three-step perceptual process?
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Selection
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Which of the following answers best represents a significant factor that influences your interpretation of people or events?
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Past experience, knowledge, expectations and attitudes, relational involvement.
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As a member of the varsity team, Deidre believes she's a better soccer player than anyone on the intramural teams. What factor has influenced Deidre's belief about her self?
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Reference groups.
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While waiting to buy movie tickets, Brent sees three friends leaving the theatre. They are laughing hysterically. Brent assumes that the film must be very funny. What organizational principle of perception is Brent using?
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Simplicity Principle
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The answer to all of the following questions can help you avoid self-fulfilling prophecies EXCEPT
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Why can't I compete with others who do the predicted behavior?
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The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Test identifies beliefs that affect how you see yourself. Which of the following statements would indicate a low self-esteem?
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I sometimes feel useless.
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Which of the following items describes someone who is a high self-monitor? She or he
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can change behavior to suit different people and situations.
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If you are willing to stand up for yourself in appropriate ways to fulfill your needs, you are practicing
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Self-assertiveness
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If you identify short-term and long-term goals and develop an action plan to achieve them, you are practicing
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Purposeful-living
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Shad Helmstetter writes that "if the strongest messages we receive about ourselves from the outside world are stored and acted on as though they're true, then we should be doubly careful what kind of messages we give ourselves." One way of listening to such messages is to practice
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Self Talk
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When you go beyond thinking about what you ought to or should do and actually do "the right thing," you will feel more self-assured because you are practicing
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Personal Integrity
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All of the following steps can help you apply the Golden Rule EXCEPT:
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Do unto others what you believe they deserve.
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The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons is referred to as
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Communication Apprehension
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Highly apprehensive people
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may communicate very effectively
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What percent of the general population experiences very high levels of communication apprehension?
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20%
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Which of the following descriptions is likely to be true of a person experiencing a high level of communication apprehension?
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Apprehensive people are perceived as less confident and assertive than others.
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When using systematic desensitization as a method of reducing communication apprehension, you begin by trying to relax while visualizing a nonthreatening communicative act. Which of the following situations would be a good choice for your initial visualization?
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You are having a casual conversation with a coworker before a meeting.
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A friend of yours experiences very high levels of communication apprehension. You know this is true because you hear her say things like "I know I'll bomb on the oral report" or "I can't stand up for myself when I talk to Jim or Barbara." Which of the following strategies would you recommend to help your friend reduce her communication apprehension?
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Cognitive Restructuring
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Carlos is about to make an important presentation. He admits he is very nervous and hopes that he remembers to avoid saying "and uh" or "um" as he speaks. Which of the following fears probably underlies his communication apprehension?
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Fear of breaking the rules
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Which answer is the best example of a positive self-talk replacement for the negative self-talk statement "I think I'm going to fail this test."
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I understand the concept of self-talk and should be able to figure out the right answers
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Intrapersonal communication refers to communication within yourself about yourself to yourself.
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True
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In terms of the seven elements and guiding principles of human communication, your perceptions of structure affect how you use your voice and physical behavior to enhance your confidence and personal image.
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False
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Optical illusions illustrate the figure-ground principle of perception.
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True
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Your self-concept reflects cultural categories such as age nationality, race, religion, and gender (as in "I am an 18-year old male Muslim"), rather than personality, characteristics and traits.
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False
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Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence, identifies self-awareness as the keystone of emotional intelligence.
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True
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If you dye a ripe strawberry blue, it's likely to smell strange too.
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True
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Violent people often act the way they do because they suffer from unearned low self-esteem.
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False
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Communication apprehension occurs only in public speaking situations.
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False
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Communication apprehension has significant effects on the amount of talk, the content of communication, and the resulting perceptions of other people.
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True
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According to researchers, many North Americans fear public speaking more than they fear death.
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True
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There is nothing you can do to help someone who suffers from high levels of communication apprehension.
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False
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A person's level of communication apprehension is similar in all contexts.
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False
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As a result of talking less, apprehensive speakers are often viewed as less confident, less assertive, and less responsible.
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True
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You may be able to reduce your level of communication apprehension by paying careful attention to the positive feedback you see from others—a nod, a smile, an alert look.
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True
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You may be able to reduce your level of communication apprehension by concentrating on yourself—how you sound and look—rather than on your message.
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False
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Self-appraisals are evaluations of your self-concept in terms of your abilities and behaviors.
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True
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Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Combine cultural knowledge with mindful observations to set your communicative goal?
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Purpose
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During the 1990s, ______________ were the fastest growing racial/ethnic group.
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Hispanic/Latino Americans
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Which of the following groups would be considered a co-culture?
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American Indian Tribes Hispanic/Latino Americans Irish Americans Arab Americans
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According to your textbook, people who believe that their culture is better than other cultures or that their culture should be the role model for other cultures would be classified as
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Ethnocentric
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If you have biased beliefs about a group of people that are not based on direct experience and firsthand knowledge or have irrational feelings of dislike for certain groups, you would be classified as
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Prejudiced
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In a collectivist culture
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there is greater readiness to cooperate with others.
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Collectivist cultures place greater value on
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Collaboration and cooperation
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In low power distance cultures
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people believe that all people are created equal
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Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance
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believe that, "What is different, is dangerous."
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In high context cultures messages are
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Implicit
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In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people
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Want predictability and clear rules of behavior
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There are more monochronic cultures in
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Northern Europe and North America
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There are more collectivist cultures in
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Central and South America
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In masculine societies,
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-men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. -men are supposed to focus on material success. -women are supposed to be modest and tender. -women are supposed to be more concerned with the quality of life.
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Which of the following cultural dimensions is ranked very high in the United States?
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Individualism
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According to Hofstede, the people of Malaysia, Guatemala, the Philippines, and Mexico live in a(n) ________________ culture.
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High power distance
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People who share beliefs such as "It is the duck that squawks that gets shot," or "Seeing is better than hearing," would be characterized as members of a _______________ culture.
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High context
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According to Hofstede's dimensions of culture, the United States can be classified as a ________________ nation.
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individualistic, low power distance, masculine, low uncertainty avoidance
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According to Hofstede's dimensions of culture, which country is ranked #1 in terms of masculine values?
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Japan
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High uncertainty avoidance is characterized by beliefs that
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deviant ideas and behavior should be suppressed
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Which cultural dimension would be characterized by the following components: (1) Subordinates should be consulted; (2) Privileges and status symbols are frowned upon, (3) Parents treat their children as equals, and (4) Teachers expect students to express their opinions in class?
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Low Power Distance
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Which of the following statements would be made by someone from a low context culture?
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I like to be accurate, clear, and direct when I talk to others
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A study of college students found that, even in the mid-1990s, African Americans were described as lazy and loud, and Jews were described as shrewd and intelligent. These beliefs are examples of
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Stereotyping
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Numerous studies searching for scientific proof of biological differences among racial groups have reached the following conclusion:
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99.9 percent of DNA sequences are common to all humans.
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Which of the following religions is the oldest?
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Judaism
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Two concepts covered in Chapter 2, Understanding Self, can help you promote mindfulness. They are:
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Perception checking and self talk
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Which of the following answers describes an Asian way of thinking (rather than a Western way of thinking)?
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Allows for logical contradictions
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Howard Giles' Communication Accommodation Theory
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claims that when another group is attractive and powerful, we adapt our communication to their speech behavior and norms.
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More than 50 percent of the people living in California are nonwhite.
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True
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Geneticists have discovered that different races can be identified by their chromosomes.
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False
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All humans belong to the same species, homo sapiens, which had its origins in Africa.
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True
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In the United States, whiteness is a culture.
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True
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A culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.
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True
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Most of the world's population lives in collectivist cultures.
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True
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American Indian tribes, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Asian Americans, Arab Americans, Irish Americans, and members of large and small religious groups are all examples of co-cultures.
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True
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People in polychronic cultures adhere to plans, schedules, and deadlines because time is valuable.
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False
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To someone from a collectivist culture, a U.S. communicator's style and behavior may be viewed as selfish, arrogant, antagonistic, power-hungry, ruthless, and impatient.
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True
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In collectivist cultures, there is greater readiness to cooperate with group members.
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True
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Members of low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to live day to day. They see conflict and competition as natural and dissent as acceptable behavior.
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True
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Members of high-context culture tend to speak more, speak louder, and speak more rapidly than people from low-context cultures.
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False
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Islam is a monotheistic religion (belief in one God) just like Christianity and Judaism.
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True
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Hinduism is the oldest of the world's major religions, dating back more than 3,000 years.
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True
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Muted Group Theory claims that because powerful, wealthy groups at the top of U.S. society determine who will communicate and be listened to, women, the poor, and people of color have trouble participating and being heard.
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True
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Germany and Switzerland are high-context cultures
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False
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Polychronic-time people are frequently late for appointments or may not show up at all.
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True
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People from low-context cultures may prefer more information-rich technologies (such as videoconferences), as well as those that offer the feeling of social presence.
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False
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Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Listen for the meaning of both verbal and nonverbal messages. Separate facts from inferences and analyze the validity of arguments.
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Content
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The ability to understand, analyze, respect, and respond to the meaning of another person's spoken and nonverbal messages defines
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Listening
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Studies have found that listening occupies _______________ of a college student's communicating time.
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More than 50 percent
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According to Ralph Nichols, without listening training most people listen at ______ efficiency.
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25%
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How can you prepare to listen to someone who will be giving a presentation or speech?
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-Learn something about the topic. -Identify your own listening goals. -Prepare questions in advance and ask them if needed. -Share what you've heard with someone else.
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You have gone to hear an expert speak about the American Disabilities Act and its implications for the workplace. Your primary goal during the presentation is to make sure you understand what the speaker has to say about the law. What type of listening should be your focus?
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Comprehensive Listening
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Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, provides a definition of habit that also describes effective communication. In Covey's opinion, habits require
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Knowledge, skills, and desire.
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Suppose most members of your work group want to hold a meeting on Saturday morning. Nicole seems upset. You want to understand how she feels about the proposed meeting. When she explains her concerns, you should use
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Empathetic Listening
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Two of your cousins recommended different dates for the annual family reunion. Which type of listening will help you decide which suggestion to support?
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Analytic listening
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You are trying to listen to your professor explain a complex theory that will be on the next exam. Unfortunately, you are highly congested from a head cold and are having trouble hearing what the professor is saying. Which type of listening is giving you a problem?
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Discriminative Listening
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What type of listening enables you to acknowledge a speaker's effective use of language, ability to use humor, and skillful presentation of arguments?
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Appreciative Listening
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Good listeners use their extra thought speed to
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Summarize main ideas
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_______________ is the ability to restate what people say in a way that indicates you have understood what they mean.
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Paraphrasing
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Which of the following statements represents the best paraphrase of "if we don't get this job done on time, the boss will be furious"?
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You seem very concerned about the boss's reaction to completing this project on schedule. Am I right?
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What type of listening enables you to form appropriate opinions about the content of a message?
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Analytic Listening
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What type of listening enables you to understand and identify a person's feelings or motives?
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Empathetic Listening
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Analytical listening can be improved by
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-recognizing persuasive strategies. -evaluating persuasive strategies
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Appreciative listening can be improved by
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-setting aside time for appreciative listening. -preparing to listen appreciatively. -welcoming opportunities to hear something challenging.
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Good listeners use their extra thought speed productively. They do all of the following EXCEPT:
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Listen for specific facts and unusual statistics.
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When Ralph Nichols wrote "We must always withhold evaluation until our comprehension is complete," which listening strategy was he describing?
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Listen before you leap
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of paraphrasing?
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It is the ability to repeat exactly what a person has said.
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_______________refers to the degree to which you match the importance of and emotions in a speaker's message in your response.
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Paraphrasing depth.
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Suppose Julia says, "Among other things, I have an important exam coming up and I'm worried that, given my busy work schedule, I won't have enough time to study." Responding with, "You seem to be very upset about doing well on the exam" would be an inaccurate paraphrase because
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it responds to only one example, instead of responding to Julia's larger problem of coping with a busy work schedule.
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Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is represented in Part I of the following argument? I. Joan would be a good group leader. II. Good leaders have effective communication skills. III. Joan took a communication course last year.
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Claim
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Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is indicated by words in a claim such as "likely," "possibly," or "probably"?
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Qualifier
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The community should enact a curfew for all juveniles." This statement is an example of a claim of
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Policy
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Some of your colleagues have suggested that the company sponsor an annual picnic rather than a more formal annual dinner. John disagrees with the others because the company has held a formal dinner every year for more than ten years. Which fallacy of argument could be attributed to John's comment?
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Appeal to tradition
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"Our group is the best in the class." This statement is an example of a claim of
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Value
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Arguments that contend that something will or will not happen are claims of
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Conjecture
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Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument constitutes the evidence used to support a claim?
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Data
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Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument recognizes exceptions to the argument?
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Reservation
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Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument provides additional support for the argument's warrant?
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Backing
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Listening and hearing are the same thing
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False
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Listening is our number one communication activity
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...
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