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What were Metternich's three goals at the Congress of Vienna?

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1- to prevent future French aggression by surround France with strong countries 2- wanted to restore the balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others 3-they focused on legititmacy

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How did the Congress of Vienna assure peace in Europe for the next 38 years?

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they insured peace because they did these three things. they contained france by making the weak countries around france stronger: they made a balance of power so that no country in Europe could easily overthrow another, and they focused on legitimacy that made it so that the leaders that was there before Napoleon was restored to their original power Congress of Vienna, meetings in Vienna that were called to set up policies to achieve the goal of new European order (of collective security and stability for the entire continent): lasted 8 months

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Klemens von Metternich

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foreign minister of Austria: distrusted democratic ideals of the French Revolution: maintained that Napoleon's expansionist dictatorship had been a natural outcome of experiments with democracy: had three goals at the Congress of Vienna: 1- to prevent future French aggression by surround France with strong countries 2- wanted to restore the balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others 3- he wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones before Napoleon's conquests

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Balance of power

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Leaders did not want to go too far with weakening France because it might cause France to want to take revenge -broke up France: another country might become so strong that it would threaten them all -France kept overseas possessions, army and independent gov't: France remained a major but diminished European power: no country in Europe could easily overpower it

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Legitimacy

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agreeing that as many as possible of the ruler whom Napoleon had driven from their thrones should be restored to power

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Holy Alliance

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league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia and Austria and Prussia after the congress of Vienna

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What factors led to Napoleon's defeat in Russia?

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Russians retreated toward Moscow: practiced the scorched-earth policy. Napoleon found it in flames: his men were starving and exhausted and they waited 5 weeks to leave when the Russian raiders attacked the army while they were leaving

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Summarize the reasons that the European allies were able to defeat Napoleon in 1814 and again in 1815

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First, they were unified--Prussia, Russia, and England were all on the field at the same time. Second Napoleon was worn down: his army by 1812 was largely composed of unwilling draftees and after 1810 Napoleon's skill as a general appears to have deteriorated

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How could the French Revolution and Napoleon show that "Absolute power corrupts absolutely"?

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he was getting to cocky with how much power. The more powerful he was the more he wanted more power and in the end: he had to much power and ended up being defeated because he was to cocky for his own good

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Blockade

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a forcible closing of ports

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Continental System

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this was a blockade the Napoleon signed to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations. It was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient and to destroy Britain's commercial and industrial economy. It didn't work out very well... British had smugglers bring cargo from Britain into Europe and a lot of allies of Napoleon ignored the policy. Britain responded with its own blockade by searching and taxing all ships for the continent. The economies of France and allies were weakened more than Britain's

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Guerrilla

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people would attack in small groups and then go into hiding to defeat the french

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Peninsular War

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Guerrillas attacked Napoleon's army and the British sent troops to aid the rebels. Napoleon lost 300000 men. Nationalism in Spain and elsewhere was becoming a powerful weapon against Napoleon. Conquered people turned against the French

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Scorched-earth policy

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Russians practiced it when retreating toward Moscow. They burned grain fields and slaughtered livestock to leave nothing for the enemy to eat. Desperate soldiers deserted the French army to search for scraps of food

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Waterloo

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the British prepared for battle near the village of Waterloo in Belgium. The British and Prussia attacked the French until two days later: Napoleon's troops gave way and were chased from the field. Napoleon was shipped to St. Helena to live by himself for 6 years and he died of stomach ailment or cancer

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Hundred Days

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The Hundred Days: sometimes known as the Hundred Days of Napoleon or Napoleon's Hundred Days: marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815

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Summarize Napoleon's reforms in France.

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He supported laws that would strengthen the central government and achieve the Revolution goals like a stable economy and equal taxation. He set an efficient tax-collection system and established a national bank. He also improved government services with public schools. He assured the government of steady tax money and promoted sound financial management and better control of the economy. He set up lycees: signed the concordat: and established the Napoleonic Code

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What steps did Napoleon take to create an empire in Europe?

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He took the pope's crown and put it on his head signaling that he was more powerful than the church. He created the Napoleonic Code: signed the concordat: set up lycées: and conquered the Austrian Netherlands: Italy, and Switzerland and expanded to Austria: Prussia: and Russia

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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a short man who is recognized as one of the world's military geniuses: took control of France and created an empire. He took the pope's crown off of his head and placed it on himself

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Coup d'etat

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a sudden seizure of power: "blow of state": Napoleon's seizure of power was a coup

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Plebiscite

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a direct vote in which the country has the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

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Lycee

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Government-run public schools set up by Napoleon

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Concordat

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The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed on 15 July 1801 in Paris.[1] It remained in effect until 1905. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France with most of its civil status restored

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Napoleonic Code

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Napoleon's greatest work- comprehensive system of laws. it gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices: it limited liberty and promoted authority over individual rights. it to away rights of women: freedom of speech and of the press were restricted: slavery RESTORED

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Battle of Trafalgar

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1805 battle- it took place off of the southern coast of Spain. Horatio Nelson (who defeated Napoleon's fleet near Egypt in 1798) showed that he fought better at sea than on land. The French fleet was destructed. It assured the supremacy of the British navy and forced Napoleon to give up his plans in invading Britain

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Name three political reforms that resulted from the French Revolution

answer

Later cause idk at the moment

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What was the Reign of Terror

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and how did it end?, It was a period where Robespierre governed as a dictator. He believed that it enabled French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution. People died for ridiculous reasons that went against the Revolution ideas. It ended when the National Convention turned on Robespierre and had him killed. The National Convention drafted a new constitution and put power in the hands of the upper middle class

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Do revolutions "devour" their own children? Explain why or why not using example from the French Revolution.

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Im not sure

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

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It was a document that the National Assembly wrote August 17 1789. It reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas and of the Declaration of Independence

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Legislative Assembly

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When the National Assembly completed its new constitution, Louis approved it and then they gave the power to a new assembly (the Legislative Assembly) to create laws and to approve or prevent any war the kind declared on other nations

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Émigrés

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These were nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings. They sat on the extreme right of the Legislative Assembly and they hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime

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San-culottes

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the most radical group who sat on the extreme left : "those without knee breeches": they were wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted greater voice in the gov't: influenced one of the political clubs that developed later

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Guillotine

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a beheading machine that thousands died from during the French Revolution

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Maximilien Robespierre

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him and his supporters set out to build a "republic of virtue" and tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility: he became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety and ruled during the Reign of Terror. He was killed by the people of the National Convention

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Committee of Public Safety

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Robespierre was the committee leader and he decided who should be considered enemies of the republic: the committee often had people tried in the morning and guillotined the same afternoon

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Reign of Terror

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Robespierre became dictator in July 1793-94: to him, it enabled French citizens to remain true to their ideals of the Revolution: people were sentenced to death for not being enough of a radical: 3,000 people were executed in Paris & 40,000 all together. It ended when the people of the National Convention turned on Robespierre and he was killed

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Old Regime

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the political and social system that existed in france before the french revolution

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Estates

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one of the three social classes in France before the French revolution- the First estate consisted of the clergy-second estate was the nobility and the third estate was the rest of the population

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Louis XVI

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he became king in 1774 and inherited the debt from predecessors. he borrowed money to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain but bankers refused to give more money. He was indecisive and allowed matters to drift: paid little attention to gov't advisors: married to Marie Antoinette

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Marie Antoinette

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wife of Louis XVI: member of the royal family of Austria (enemy). she was unpopular and she spent so much money on gowns jewels and gifts. known as "Madame Deficit"

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Estates-General

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an assembly of the representatives from all three estates: or social classes in france

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National Assembly

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a french congress established by the representatives of the third estate on June 17 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

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Tennis Court Oath

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a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789 in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

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Great Fear

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a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French Countryside after storming the Bastille in 1789

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Questions: Why were the members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with their way of life under the Old Regime?

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Because they were the only ones that had to pay sky high taxes while the 1st and 2nd estates didn't have to because there was no freedom of speech: religion and press: because they wanted to be able to chose their own cabinet so a constitutional monarchy could be realized. The 3rd estate felt it wasn't right that they were the ones that had to pay up for the luxurious lives of the 1st and 2nd estate and the royal family.

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Why was the fall of the Bastille important to the French people?

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It showed the begining of the revolution and the people were standing up for there rights

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Why did a revolution actually begin?

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It began because the people of the third estate wanted there rights. The other two estates made up 3% of the population and had way more land than they needed. The people of the third estate were inspired by the enlightment ideas

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